Technique of Recrystallization in Crystallography

    Technique of Recrystallization in Crystallography

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    Technique of Recrystallization in Crystallography

    by Ritika

    Recrystallization is the technique of purifying solids based on their different solubility. That is, recrystallization deals with the cleaning method or the transformation of a crystal structure, as a result of the change in external factors, for example temperature and pressure.

    By the process of recrystallization in crystallography a satisfactory solution of a substance is manufactured and the substance is crystallized by cooling the solution. The developing crystals are definitely in a purer form in all respects, especially if the supplementary impurities display some other solution behavior. The entire process may be done over and over again until the preferred degree of purity is attained. The crystallization process by itself assists the purification process since, as the crystals get formed, they choose the correct molecules that match the crystal lattice and disregard the wrong molecules. This is not a flawless procedure, but it definitely increases the purity level of the final creation.

    Technique Used for Recrystallization in Crystallography

    Selection and Addition of Solvent

    First, careful selection of appropriate solvent is made and a little quantity of this solvent is added to the container containing impure solid. Choosing the solvent is very vital and essential care must be taken to select a solvent such that the impure compound has a low solubility at lower temperatures, however, it may be totally soluble at high temperatures. That is, the solvent must be selected in such a way such that it fully dissolves the impure substance when heated and also move out of the solution on cooling. Ensure you add little quality of solvent rather than in larger amounts such that it fully dissolves the sample. This is because it is possible to add more solvent as needed when heating as described in the next step. The solubility of the compound in the solvent used for the recrystallization process is essential. In an ideal situation, the solvent will dissolve the compound fully to be purified at high temperatures, which is mostly the boiling point of the solvent, and the compound will be totally insoluble in that solvent at room temperature or at 0oC. Moreover, the impurity will either be totally insoluble in that solvent at high temperatures, or will be very soluble in the solvent at low temperature. So, the process of recrystallization relies on the property that for most compounds, as the temperature of a solvent increases, the solubility of the compound in that solvent also increases.

    Process of Heating

    To allow the solid to dissolve, the process of heating is carried out until the solid gets dissolved in the solvent. For carrying out the heating process, one can use either a hot water bath or steam bath. These would help in carrying out the heating process in a gentle, controlled, efficient way. Some people prefer to use even a hot plate or gas burner for carrying out the heating process. The next process is the process of cooling which is described below.

    Process of Cooling

    The above heated solution is cooled. This enables crystallization of the product. This also allows it to get more pure solid precipitation thereby leaving the impurities to be dissolved in the solvent. The secret in achieving efficient higher purity product is slower cooling. So, ensure that you always allow the solution to cool to room temperature before setting the flask in an ice bath or refrigerator.

    The process of forming crystals normally starts at the bottom of the container. One can also aid crystallization by scratching the container with a glass rod particularly at the air-solvent junction. Though this is not an essential step, by doing this scratching process, the glass surface area gets increased giving a roughened surface on which the solid can crystallize. Once can also follow the seeding technique for aiding the crystallizing processes. This is done by adding a small crystal of the desired pure solid to the cooled solution. But while doing this, care must be taken to add the crystal only after the solution is cooled which otherwise would cause the crystal to dissolve. Sometimes, one might encounter that no crystals has resulted from the solution. Then the possible reasons for this could be usage of too much solvent. So, for correcting this, allow the solvent to evaporate. Then follow the process of reheating and cool the solution as explained above for pure crystals to be formed.

    Vacuum Filtration Process

    After the formation of crystals now we have to separate the crystal from the solution for which vacuum filtration process is carried out. The process of vacuum filtration is applied which isolates the crystals. For isolating the crystals of purified solid, one can also try washing the purified solid with chilled solvent. But while washing, ensure that you use only cold solvent, because otherwise it would result in dissolving the crystals.

    Process of Drying

    Allow the solid to dry which results in getting a purified solid. The waste solution could be discarded. The previous process of vacuum filtration itself would have removed almost all the solvents. This step namely the open-air drying would enable removing more solvent, if anything further is present.

    One can repeat the process of recrystallization if they wish to further purify the sample. Crystallization of a solid is not the same as precipitation of a solid. In crystallization, there is a slow, selective formation of the crystal framework resulting in a pure compound. In precipitation, there is a rapid formation of a solid from a solution that usually produces an amorphous solid containing many trapped impurities within the solid’s crystal framework. Solid-state recrystallization is what takes place under circumstances of extreme pressure and temperature where grains, atoms or even molecules of a rock / mineral are crammed even closer to each other, to create a whole new crystal structure. It is possible to check the level of purity by taking a melting point range of the solid. It is then compared with an accepted melting point range. In general, the thumb rule is solids show higher melting points if they are pure. That is, for pure solids, the melting points get raised. It is also possible to use two or more solvents in the technique of recrystallization in which case, the technique is termed as multi-solvent recrystallization.

    Synthetic Ruby Facts

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    Synthetic Ruby Facts

    by Yuman Hussain

    Synthetic ruby facts tell us about the different processes of lab- based ruby formations. It also tells about main features of some of the popular synthetic rubies available in world markets.

    Ruby ‘the Lord of the Gems’ is desired for its rarity and beauty. Acquiring its name from Latin word ‘Rubeus’ it symbolize love and passion. It is the red variety of mineral corundum with colors ranging from purplish to bluish red to a yellowish red. However the finest variety of ruby has vivid red color with the faint undertone of blue as found generally in Burmese rubies. Ruby due to their sturdiness and beauty makes a fine choice for any piece of jewelry. It is an accepted birthstone for the July -born individuals.

    RubyPassion for rubies led to their mass production in the laboratories. A.V Verneuil was the first one to create synthetic ruby using flame fusion method in the late 1800s. These rubies are not considered natural since they are made in laboratory. Nowadays new techniques are used to produce synthetic rubies like Kashan ruby and Chatham ruby which are so close to their natural counterparts in all properties like crystal structure, trace elements, color and hardness that it requires careful observation by a qualified gemologist to distinguish them from natural rubies.

    The two most common methods are – Flame fusion and Flux fusion process. The first method is flame-fusion process through which ruby is grown by dropping powder into a flame and freezing it into a synthetic ruby crystal. These stones show curved striae (curved color banding), gas bubbles and flecks of aluminum powder which are not found in the natural rubies. Pulled ruby is technically identical with flame ruby. It is a process in which melted ingredients are dripped into a boule and then allowed to cool at room temperature and pressure to crystallize. By this process rubies are grown very quickly but they do not look glassy therefore easier to separate from the natural stones. They are used extensively in imitation and lower priced jewelry etc.

    The second process is the flux growth process which takes longer time, usually months to produce rubies which can pass of as real ones. The crystal structure duplicates flux or the molten chemical. These rubies have inclusions which are found in the natural corundum. These form stress fractures when pressure is released during the manufacturing process. The fractures are then filled with growth solutions healing the fractures but leaving behind a pocket of undigested flux. These fluxes resemble feather or fingerprint inclusions or small specks of platinum which appear to have come from the crucible on which the crystals were grown. The difference in the refractive index of the flux to the corundum makes the flux stand out and help in identifying the ruby as synthetic .The flux inclusions can appear coarse in comparison to the natural inclusions. These stones are cut to near ideal proportion and appear flawless to the naked eye. Unlike flame fusion rubies, these let light bounce around .Flux grown rubies are expensive due to long growth time and low production yield.

    Some of the synthetic rubies include Douros from Greece, Chakravorty, Ramaura, Kashm and Chatham which are exceptional in beauty and fineness.

    * Kashan Rubies are flame grown showing parallel rod like solid filled, coarse negative crystals which are granular or sugary in nature having high degree of reflectivity. The crystals show wispy pattern resembling rain drops or comets. These contain varying amounts of iron-oxide .Their color is close to many Thai rubies with strong orange dichroism.

    * Douros Rubies are produced in Greece and are available since 1995.These are made using flux method in which synthetic magma (flux) is grown under conditions similar to those found in nature. These have attractive visual appearance and reflect high degree of transparency. Their pure red colour surface show hexagonal crystal structure.

    * Judith Osmer discovered the process of growing gems after 25 years of sustained research and came up with Ramaura Rubies. These are grown by flux technique in controlled high temperature with molten magma. It is grown spontaneously without a seed with natural inclusions, veils, comet tails, conically shaped feathers, growth lines and color zones. The inclusions consist of various forms of flux particularly coarse orange-yellow flux and white flux fingerprints. These features help in identifying Ramaura Rubies as synthetic. Another distinct feature is presence of fluorescent zoning which occurs in the areas just below the surface. Its intensity varies from high to very high and color ranges from sulphur yellow to yellowish orange to nearly pure orange.

    * Ruby doublets are produced by using synthetic or imitation backing with a natural corundum crown. It is often possible to detect them through the glue which joints two pieces together. They show natural inclusions like features and crystals.

    * Chatham Rubies came into market as early as 1940s when young Carol Chatham from San Francisco discovered the secret of growing gems in a laboratory. These rubies have features including various form of flux residue. These residues are usually opaque white globules, mesh like patterns and tightly arranged white fingerprints. They reflect hexagonal, triangular, rectangular and spiky platinum platelets which reflect slivery light. The other inclusions are transparent crystals, hammock shaped and net like intertwined feathers.

    * Chakravorty Rubies are also made through flux process.

    * Knischka synthetic Rubies developed by Prof P.O Knischka can be identified through their spindle shaped multifaceted shape. Other internal features include swirls of colour, irregularly shaped with net like liquid feathers. They show black hexagonal platelets of platinum and silver. The most distinguished feature is two-phase inclusions .The absorption band between 250 and 440 nm indicate that the ruby is synthetic.

    Synthetic rubies can be extremely beautiful and affordable. But since they are not natural, they are not considered as gemstones. Besides they can never capture the magic and aura of the real rubies

    Modern Crystallography

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    Modern Crystallography

    by Ritika

    The origins of crystallography lie in morphology which deals with the study of mineral crystals and also anisotropy which details the physical attributes of mineral crystals.

    The physical and chemical attributes of solids have a strong association with crystal structure. It is also vital to know in this scenario that chemical compounds crystallize only under given conditions and that too for certain defined structures. From such behavior, it is clear that the branch of crystallography is closely related to and has strong association with several neighboring branches like solid state physics which deals with ideal structures and attributes and crystal physics, materials science which is about real structures and attributes, earth sciences which details the real structure of crystals, solid state chemistry that deals with ideal structure sand bonding, pharmacy, molecular biology which deals with structure of proteins and so on.

    Crystallography and its Association with Other Branches

    The origins of crystallography lie in morphology which deals with the study of mineral crystals and also anisotropy which details the physical attributes of mineral crystals. So with this idea, most of the European countries have associated crystallography with the branch of earth science. In 1912, Laue discovered the concept of X-ray diffraction and after this there was a major shift in the branch of crystallography. That is, after the discovery of x-ray diffraction the branch of crystallography was associated with the branch of structure analysis. This turned chemists into major users and they all benefited from the branch of crystallography.

    In recent modern days, there is a great growth in the branch of structure analysis, in particular, the growth rate of biological macromolecules and drug design is higher. This contributes towards the growth in the branch of bio crystallography. Even the material science branch, which has strong association with our day-to-day life, contributes a lot towards the growth in the branch of crystallography. For instance, new techniques created for the development of crystal growth like laser crystals all contribute towards the higher success rate of the branch of crystallography.

    One of the important applications to mention using modern crystallography is the making of crystal skulls. Crystal skulls are a metaphor that reality is a consciousness hologram through which we experience virtually. A crystal skull is a model of a human skull fashioned mostly out of quartz crystal, with some exceptions, for example Chinese jade skulls. Crystal skulls can be made in various sizes ranging from a few inches to the size of an actual human head, or even larger. The age of any skull may be determined with the age of the crystal that was used to create it. Factors like the year the skull was carved or the point of origin is not important in determining the age of the skull.

    Crystal skulls are usually linked to ancient Mesoamerican cultures, specifically the Maya which in turn directs us to the Mayan Long Calendar and its associated prophecies. Several crystal skulls are created at definite angles that represent the nature of the quartz crystal that has been used and overall, a union of revered geometry. In modern crystallography, the first procedure is always to determine the axis, to prevent fracturing and breakage during the subsequent shaping process.

    Modern crystallography has interesting debates and questions associated with it, like the reason for crystal species taking on a variety of external forms. The observation of J. Kepler in 1611 paved the way for the concept of observational crystallography. The interesting fact to note is that both structural crystallography and the science of crystal growth emerged from curiosity about the large variety in crystal forms. There are various factors associated in the generation of varied crystal forms. Some of the factors are complex, namely internal (also referred to as structural) and external (also termed as environmental) which control the crystal growth process.

    Crystallography in general, deals with the branch of science that details the structure and bonding of atoms in solids that are of crystalline nature, coupled with the geometric structure of crystal lattices. Modern crystallography is broadly sourced from the study of the diffraction of X-rays when crystals act as optical gratings. With the use of X-ray crystallography, chemists can now ascertain the internal configuration and bonding structures of molecules & minerals. In fact, X-ray crystallography could be even used to determine the structures of large complex molecules. That is, Crystallography is the science concerned with the study of crystals. Modern crystallography is intimately linked with the ability of crystals to diffract X-rays. This resulting diffracting x-rays is used to study in detail the structure of the crystal along with 3D molecular structure of the crystalline material. For the in-depth study, the first process to be taken is the crystallization of the macromolecule which are then mounted in a capillary tube and placed in an X-ray beam. The resulting diffraction pattern from this process is collected and analyzed to obtain the structure of the protein.

    Modern crystallography has a very interdisciplinary attribute with a holistic approach. Crystallographers like to study about physical attributes of a crystal, special effects, due to the chemist synthesis in terms of all facets of the same object called crystal. Crystallographers like to study the above attributes to locate a steady view of connections between the structure, properties and chemical composition of a crystal. These are all well studied and detailed using modern crystallography. For instance, for excellent and exact structure determination, the mandatory requirement is the availability of powerful and bright synchrotron radiation. In fact, the above could be studied in depth by using X-ray laser. The detailed exact in depth study of molecular structure of biological macromolecules has made the branch of modern crystallography to be popularly applied to the branch of Biology.

    The study of quartz by Nicolas Steno in the 17th century paved the way for the concept of the interesting and powerful branch – Modern Crystallography. According to Nicolas Steno, in whatever manner the quartz crystal gets distorted, the long prism faces always made a perfect 60 degree angle. The discovery of quasi-crystals which was based on the concept termed as pentagonal or icosahedron symmetry by a physicist named Dan Shechtman in 1982, marked the greatest discoveries of modern crystallography. This is because quasi crystals generalize and finish the definition of a crystal.

    What is Rockhounding

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    What is Rockhounding

    by Ritika

    Rockhounding refers to the activity of collection of minerals and rocks from nature. The persons carrying out the activity of rockhounding are termed rock hounders or prospectors.

    Rockhounding refers to the activity of collection of minerals and rocks from nature. The persons carrying out the activity of rockhounding are termed rock hounders or prospectors.

    Rockhounders, during the process of rockhounding carry out various activities. Some of the vital activities performed by rockhounders are:

    • Collecting Fossils
    • Collecting specimens of specific minerals
    • Taking steps to gather specimens and specialize in certain rock types, like volcanic rocks or meteorites.
    • Selecting and gathering natural stones
    • Collecting crystals

    Who can be Rockhounders?

    Rock and CrystalsThe above various activities are done by rockhounders as a hobby and are generally carried out by mineralogists who enjoy collecting interesting rocks and minerals. Rockhounders could include casual collectors who pick up rocks and minerals casually that catch their eye and also people who seriously collect rock and mineral samples present in their country and carry out research on the same.

    Benefits of Rockhounding

    Rockhounding can be carried out in all places where natural formations of fascinating and valuable minerals are present. There are numerous benefits and advantages of rockhounding. Some of the vital benefits to mention among these are:

    • Rockhounding helps to identify and study about perfectly formed crystal and minerals which could also result in discovery of new facts and studies from these
    • The process of rockhounding helps rockhounders accumulate a collection of different varieties of rocks and minerals that creates interest among their friends and related rockhounding groups.
    • The study of rocks and minerals in rockhounding helps rockhounders to get an in depth insight on the history of the Earth.

    Steps to be followed in Rockhounding

    Gain Knowledge about Rocks and Minerals:

    Rockhounders must take essential steps to acquire the basic understanding about rocks and minerals before opting for rockhounding. This would help them finish the process more efficiently and effectively and with more clarity. To gain a basic idea and knowledge about rocks and minerals, rockhounders can join in rockhounders groups present in their area, can carry out internet searches about minerals and rocks of their interest and could also try joining a geology class. All these steps would help rockhounders classify rocks and minerals easily.

    Safety Measures:

    It is vital to take essential safety measures when going rockhounding. This is because rockhounding generally requires traveling and hiking to remote places. So while hiking to such areas one must take essential steps for safety. Some of them to mention in this direction are:

    • Rockhounders must take essential items like water for drinking, vital safety medicines.
    • It is always wiser to carry out the process of rockhounding in groups instead of going solo.
    • Rockhounders must take safety measures to protect their body. One of the fundamental measures to mention in this direction is the use of safety goggles. Rockhounding involves breaking small stones or rocks and so the use of safety goggles would help rockhounders protect their eyes. Rockhounders must also make it a practice to use masks to safeguard from dust and pollution that would otherwise harm their lungs.

    Source of Knowledge:

    The Chambers of Commerce present in the respective areas of rockhounding would give sufficient knowledge for rockhounders. Books and guides related to rockhounding can be referred to at bookstores and libraries which would help rockhounders gather enormous knowledge about their minerals and rocks of interest and also about the areas of rockhounding. Rockhounders must also join in gem clubs and groups related to rockhounding present in their areas which would help them to learn and share ideas. Rockhounders could meet many experienced and life long hunters in these gem clubs which would help them to learn the tricks of the trade. There are some rock and gem clubs that also organize field trips which would take rockhounders in groups to locations and teach them about various aspects of rockhounding. All, these steps would help them gain sufficient knowledge to carry on rockhounding efficiently.

    Field Guide:

    Rockhounders may start rockhounding by referring to a field guide which would help them identify rocks and minerals easily and efficiently. Carrying a related rockhounding book of less weight would help rockhounders to refer to when in need.

    Tools for Rockhounding:

    Going for rockhounding without tools also could be done. But if one carries some essential tools during rockhounding it would make their process easier. Some of the essential tools to be carried during rockhounding are rock saws and polishers, rock hammers (which help rockhounders dig out specimens easily) and hand lens that help rockhounders get a closer look for easy identification of rocks.

    Selecting Sites for Rockhounding:

    Rockhounders need to make a proper study for selecting the site for rockhounding. There are also free dig sites and paid sites for rockhounding. In these sites sometimes rockhounders can find attendants to answer their questions.

    Rules and Regulations:

    It is also vital that rockhounders know the rules and regulations before carrying out the process of rockhounding. Rockhounders must take steps to know the rules and regulations of the area they have planned before starting to head for rockhounding process. This step is vital because there are various government agencies that have placed rules about rock collecting in their respective areas which otherwise would result in destruction of nature. Rockhounders must know the rules before proceeding for rockhounding as this would help them know the kind of specimens and the volume they are allowed to collect from the respective areas of rockhounding.

    It takes time and practice to gain experience in rockhounding and so rockhounders must practice rockhounding consistently. Rockhounding in short, is a casual process that involves collection of different specimens of minerals and rocks both for hobbyists and mineralogists for research and discovery of new facts.

    Ruby Stud Earrings

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    Ruby Stud Earrings

    by Yuman Hussain

    Ruby is a popular and most desired gemstone since antiquity. Its rarity and blazing red color associated with love, passion and romance makes it very special .Every woman dreams to own real ruby jewelry be it lovely studded earrings, stunning necklace or sparkling bracelet. Ruby stud earrings look stunning when combined with gold or platinum settings. It is an ideal gift for someone you love.

    What does a woman loves as a gift after diamond jewelry! She is more likely to choose earrings as it is something which a woman wears most of the time .It can be ruby, diamond or pearl stud earring or hoop or chandelier earrings. These come in all shapes, sizes and price. Earrings crafted from precious metals like gold and platinum and studded with gems are expensive and look really fashionable. In fact they had adorned the women as early as 3000 B.C when they were discovered in West Asia.

    Ruby EarringsEarrings have a special character of their own .It is not surprising that they look good on most of the women .Choose earrings according to occasion and compliment it with the dress you will wear. A right pair of earrings can enhance your appearance by adding sophistication and elegance. Oval faces can wear any type of earring while round face should look nice with long earring. Gem studded earrings look stunning on oval faces. You can match gemstone studded earrings with the colors of your eyes and skin. Wear smaller gemstone earrings for everyday while bigger earrings should be reserved for parties or special occasions. Stud earrings have a timeless appeal which compliment any look and outfit at any time. These look brilliant with traditional classic gowns or trendy college wear. You can find all types of earrings studded with diamond, ruby, pearls, topaz and emeralds. A studded earring adds glamour to your personality. You can match your earrings with necklace for perfect look. They make ideal gift for your special ones with their favorite gems studded in the earrings. They have become extremely popular in recent time with movie stars to sportspersons sporting studded earrings in one or both the ears.

    Ruby is available in many shapes like square, round, oval and pear and sizes which makes it ideal for jewelry. A ruby earring looks good in any shape and size as its deep red color adds glow to the face. Oval or pear cut stones look stunning in stud earrings. When ruby is used with gold and platinum settings it gives rich look adding elegance to your look. Ruby studded earrings are must for every fashion conscious modern woman. Even a small cute looking pair can add glamour to the way you dress. A pair of ruby stud earring will make lovely present if you are passionate about your love. A red gemstone representing month of July and symbol of love and romance, ruby has a unique place in jewelry world. It has been a favored stone of royalties since time immemorial adding beauty and grace to the crowns of kings and queens. Ruby is also considered wedding anniversary stone for fifteenth and fortieth years. The word ruby has originated from Latin word ‘ruber’ meaning red. It is red variety of corundum which is second hardest stone after diamond. The most famous rubies are sourced from Burma which is considered to be very expensive and high on quality and clarity. The other countries which produce rubies in smaller quantities are Brazil, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Rubies rank 9 on Mohs scale of hardness as they are strongest after diamonds.

    If you want to choose personally, then jewelry stores would be a better option. It is advisable to compare prices from jewelry stores before making purchase. Buy only from reputed stores which have exchange or buy back policy in case of flaw in the piece. To select an ideal pair of earrings it is important to consider cut, color, clarity and carat weight of ruby before buying. The rubies should be cut symmetrically for enhanced value. The color of the ruby is an important criterion. But it is difficult to find natural flawless ruby so most of the pieces have inclusions. The richer with deeper red color are most expensive and rare to find so all depends on your personal choice. Clarity is another important factor as most of stones have imperfections with colored parallel lines or inclusions crisscrossing within the surface. Do not buy rubies which have too many inclusions or fractures. Do not buy rubies which are cut too shallow or deep .Avoid stones which has too much brown or blue shade. You should check the carat weight also so that you get value for your money. Ask the dealer whether the rubies are treated? Check whether they are natural or synthetic as synthetic rubies are much cheaper. Check the uniform color distribution in the stone. There are several websites which sell ruby studded earrings. You can get relevant information regarding the price, quality of the gemstone and hundreds of fabulous designs to choose from the comfort of your home. But compare the prices and quality before ordering an online product.

    Ruby studded earrings can be fragile so you have to take special care of them. For cleaning them it is better to use mild cleaning agent or soap. You can simply dip them in warm water and wipe them with soft tissue paper or cloth. Store them in soft pouch to avoid scratches or chips on the surface of the gemstone. Always use soft brush to clear the dirt trapped in between the setting. Never use abrasives as they can scratch the gold or platinum settings.

    A ruby studded earring is meant to be valuable and cherished possession for life time. It is something if cared properly can be passed on to your daughter or grandchildren .So do not compromise on the looks and quality of the gemstone. Ruby is the most desired gemstone next to diamond and the feelings associated with it makes it a special gift.

    Ruby Mines

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    Ruby Mines

    by Yuman Hussain

    Ruby Mines is about the places and countries where rubies are mined .It also discusses the characteristics of ruby mined from these places and how they are different. Burma Mines produce the finest and deep red rubies. Thai Mines are known to produce dark red to brownish-red stones. Rubies mined from Ceylon are medium light in color and tone. The other ruby mines are located in countries like Cambodia, India and Australia, various localities in Africa and North Carolina in USA

    Ruby Mines

    Ruby the stone of love and passion is a highly prized gemstone. It is truly a majestic stone with blazing true red color attracting royalty and commoners all through the history. It is a highly durable stone second in hardness and beauty only to diamond. The word Ruby comes from the Latin “ruber,” meaning red. This beautiful gemstone is usually either translucent or transparent belonging to the Corundum group. It has medium to dark tones of red to purple-red in color. Rubies are graded according their carat, clarity and color .They are also graded according to their area of mining. The most stunning specimens are said to be mined from Burma, but good quality rubies are also found in India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Kenya, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the United States though in limited number.  Burma


    The Burmese rubies are traditionally believed to be of the finest quality. These rubies known as ‘Pigeon’s Blood’ have deep intense uniform red color with a slight tinge of blue. The Upper Burma mines produce finest and largest supply of rubies. These mines are functional as early as 15th century. The famous traveler Tavernier had mentioned the Burmese ruby mines in his travelogue. The ruby district of Mogok has a total area of 66 square miles but the area where rubies can be found is even larger. It is the principle district engaged in precious stone trading. The mines are located in the towns of Kathay and kyatpyen.The mother rock on which ruby is found is a white dolomitic granular limestone or marble .The secondary gem-bearing bed consists of brown or yellow clayey or sandy material known as byon in Burmese. This byon lies 15 to 20 feet below the surface with 4 to 5 feet thickness. The sides of the hills have 15 to 20 feet thick byons.These byons also occur in the limestone caves which are full of crevices and cracks. These are spread underground for miles and miles. The Burmese rubies have deep red shade and those which are free from any crack or fault get high prices. The poor quality stones are also sometimes found in some areas. Some precious stones are also reported from the river bed of Nampai valley at Namseka village. The second ruby mines area is Sagyin which is located 21 miles from Mandalay. The crystalline limestone hills dot the landscape of Irrawaddy alluvial plains. The ruby stones occur in the crevices and cracks of these hills and in some places these are filled with brown clayey material which contains many precious stones together. These are separated by traditional method of washing. However the rubies are of inferior quality with a paler shade. Some of the other areas are Nanyetseik which is located between Mogaung and Sanka in the Upper Irrawaddy.

    Thailand

    The rubies found here are dark red in color with brownish tinge. Sometimes they resemble garnet. Some of the pieces are stunning almost as good as Burmese rubies but majority of the stones are dark in shade with inferior quality. The mines of Chantabun are located in the vicinity of the Gulf of Siam, and near the town of Chantabun. The area has grayish granite mountains with the limestone lowlands. It is held that the latter may be the mother-rock of the ruby. At present the precious stone are found in the sands, which are mined by the locals using traditional methods. The other ruby mines are scattered over the area in Krat located near Chantabun. These mines are divided into two groups Bo Nawang and Bo Channa.In the mines of Bo Nawang they are usually found in small pits which are 2 to 4 feet deep. The rubies are in the base of the six to ten inches thick sand .Bo Channa mines are located thirty miles northeast of Bo Nawang and spread over a mile square area .The rubies are found in six to twenty four inches thick sand .Some of the mines are as deep as 24 feet. The ruby district of the sub-province of Muang Klung is located between the provinces of Chantabun and Krat.The gem mines are found in the valley and on the sides of the hills. These valleys are crisscrossed by small streams. It is on their banks the gems are found in alluvium deposits in the dry season. During rainy season miners concentrate on deposits on the sides of the hills. The gem-bearing clayey layer has 10 inches to 5 feet thickness where rubies are found more frequently than other gemstones like sapphires. Few rubies are also found in the sapphire mines of Battambang located southeast of Bangkok.

    Ceylon or Sri Lanka Rubies

    SriLanka formerly known as Ceylon is famous for gemstones like sapphires and rubies. These stones are some what similar from Burmese stones as they are preserved in the outlines of their original crystalline form. Some stones occur like rounded grains. The rubies mined are bright with lighter red shade. They display stunning brilliance and purity of color. The gem-bearing sands are usually found either on the floors of the river valleys or on the hill sides near the streams. The places in Ratnapur and Rakwana and district near Adam’s Peak are rich in rubies. The mother rock of ruby a crystalline dolomite limestone or marble is found near Bullatotte and Budulla. These rubies are not as valuable as those found in Burma as they are usually of paler shade. There are also places where rubies are mined in negligible numbers. These are:

    Australia

    Small Size rubies are found in the gold sands of Cudgegong River and its tributaries near Mudgee. A small amount of rubies are also mined in New South Wales.Beechworth and Pakenham in Victoria are some of the other places which have yielded rubies. In Australia ruby occurrences are uncommon than sapphire. Many times in the past red garnet was identified as ruby. It was passed off as ‘Adelaide Rubies’

    USA
    USA also has some ruby mines. It is common to find corundum often sold as ruby which is of inferior quality. A small amount of better quality rubies are found at Cowee Creek in Macon County which is about five miles from Franklin. The Lucas Mine on Corundum Hill in Macon County produces transparent red corundum which is cut and passed off sometimes as a ruby.

    India

    Natural Indian Ruby

    India is though rich in common corundum but lacks precious or higher quality ruby stones. However some stones can be found in Mysore and in Salem district of Chennai. Cauvery River basin near Pondicherry is another place where mines are located. The stones bear resemblance to those found in river alluvia of Sri Lanka.But instances of really good quality stones is almost negligible here .Most of the royal rubies are said to have been brought from either Burma or Badakshan.

    Afghanistan

    The ruby mining started in Afghanistan as early as 1870 when the permission was granted by the Amir.The good quality rubies are found in Jagdalak area in micaceous crystalline limestone identical to those found in Burma. The color of the rubies varies from deep red to purple and it is even common to find violet colored stones. Jagdalek rubies closely resemble the gems of Vietnam, Burma and Sri Lanka.The famous ruby mines of Badakshan are situated in Shignan near the Oxus River. They are found near a place called Gharan meaning “mine” which is somewhere between the upper course of the Oxus and its tributary Turt. Here rubies are found embedded in a magnesium limestone deposits.

    Africa

    Rubies mined here are characterized by a purplish red color. These stones are found in small sizes. The ruby mines are located in Tanzania and Kenya.

    Rockhounding and Gemology

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    Rockhounding and Gemology

    by Mark

    Rockhounding helps gemologists and mineralogists hunt and discover minerals and precious gemstones like jasper, opal, agate, turquoise, geodes, zircon, black spinel, garnet, varieties of quartz, topaz and tourmaline and so on. People can choose either popular sites for rockhounding which normally have the ease of accessibility or can hunt and dig and then choose rare sites where there is possibility of getting better samples as they would not have been visited by all rockhounders. Fossicking is another technical term used to refer to the process of searching for gemstones and rockhounding which is used when looking for fossils, mineral specimens etc.

    Rockhounding and Gemology

    Rockhounding helps gemologists and mineralogists hunt and discover minerals and precious gemstones like jasper, opal, agate, turquoise, geodes, zircon, black spinel, garnet, varieties of quartz, topaz and tourmaline and so on. People can choose either popular sites for rockhounding which normally have the ease of accessibility or can hunt and dig and then choose rare sites where there is possibility of getting better samples as they would not have been visited by all rockhounders. ‘Fossicking’ is another technical term used to refer to the process of searching for gemstones and rockhounding which is used when looking for fossils, mineral specimens etc.

    Rockhounding in the early days was done mainly for getting valuable minerals and gemstones that are later used for commercial purposes. But the popularity of rockhounding grew with time, and today many rockhounders do it even as a hobby and collect beautiful gemstones and minerals for recreational purposes.

    Rockhounding and Gem Sources:

        • RockhoundingGem and Mineral Clubs:

    The gem and mineral clubs resent in the area chosen for rockhounding or in the area of residence of rockhounders provide useful information on rockhounding sites based on people’s interest and preference of gems. They also organize group trips to rockhounding sites which help rockhounders share and learn more information from experienced rockhounders.

        • Gem and Mineral Shows:

    The gem and mineral shows in the rockhounders’ area act as excellent sources of published information for finding good gem and mineral clubs.

    Tools Needed for Gems Rockhounding:

        Rockhounders who begin rockhounding as a hobby but do it consistently may go on to become avid collectors and would learn in the process to identify and classify gems. This process may later lead them to undertake and learn mineral and gemstone cutting and mounting. For carrying out the process of gemstone cutting and mounting, the equipments needed are rock saws and polishers. Rare and beautiful gems and crystals are generally found in very small samples. So for collecting and studying about this a good microscope is essential for rockhounding which would help rockhounders work efficiently with the specimens.

      • Knowledge Gathering:

    It is also vital to know the rules and regulations of the rockhounding site while hunting for gems. For instance, California state parks do not allow collecting of gems during rockhounding in these areas.

      • Protection:

    Rockhounding for gems is not generally a dangerous activity. However, there are a few safety issues to keep in mind. During rockhounding for gems, people should be mindful of the elements or hazards and how to protect themselves. Some of the common elements rockhounders must take care of while rockhounding for gems are:

        • Weather:

    It is essential that rockhounders study about the weather and wear clothes that best suit the weather. Rockhounders while hunting for gems during daytime can wear hats and sunscreen to protect against excessive exposure to the sun.

        • Mobile Phone and Emergencies:

    Proper steps and care must be taken to carry mobile phones and inform related people while rockhounding sites are out of town. Some areas are 4WD access only so if you have doubts, please check the suitability of the road for your vehicle before setting off.

        • Physical Fitness:

    It is very important for rockhounders to take much care of their physical fitness while rockhounding for gemstones. Proper care must be taken to avoid dehydration during very hot weather. Rockhounding for gemstones being a physical activity, it is vital that rockhounders take regular rest breaks as and when required and must check their own level of physical fitness at consistent intervals.

        • Weather Conditions and Safety:

    Most gemstones are found near water sources and so rockhounders must take care if they are not swimmers.

        • Wildlife and Poisonous Bites:

    Rockhounding for gemstones near or inside bushes have possibilities of venomous snakes or spiders. Rockhounders must take a first aid treatment bag in hand to handle such situations. Rockhounders must also generally avoid taking pets with them while rockhounding for gemstones as in many areas, pets are not allowed.

        • Site Safety:

    It is essential that rockhounders, after hunting for gemstones, must take proper steps to fill the environment back in original shape. That is, rockhounders must backfill all holes and must not tunnel into banks. This is because unfilled holes and unstable banks are potentially dangerous and could cause environmental damage. So rockhounders must take proper steps to maintain the environment and provide a friendly environment for other rockhounders. Also, some rock sites for gemstone hunting could be slippery and so rockhounders must take essential steps to handle unstable footing.

        • Traffic and Road Safety:

    If the sites for rockhounding gemstones are adjacent to roads, then rockhounders must be careful not to hinder or obstruct vehicles in the area.

        • Fire Safety:

    All fire regulations and restrictions must be followed by rockhounders and campfires must not be lighted if the rockhounding sites do not have permission to do the same.

    Rockhounding for gemstones help gemologists in various ways and rockhounders must take responsibility for maintaining the environment. This would help the rockhounding process to be handled by rockhounders efficiently and pave the way for the discovery of many more rare and precious gemstones.

    Each gem has separate methods and activities to be followed for rockhounding. For instance, rockhounding for sapphires would need rockhounders to wear old clothes for the activity as it can get muddy and dirty. Also, sapphire rockhounding sites would generally be located in areas some distance from the town and so rockhounders hunting for sapphire need to carry plenty of water and wear sunscreen or a hat. Zircon is another gemstone many prefer for rockhounding which is associated with sapphire and is available in most areas in variety of colors ranging from clear, light yellow, and a deep honey brown to the orange and red spectrum. Black spinel is one other gem that is usually found with the sapphire. An opaque black mineral, the black spinel works well as a cut gem.

    Rockhounding in California

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    Rockhounding in California

    by Ritika

    California is abundant with geological forces where mineralogists and gemologists can rockhound for the largest variety of rocks and minerals. The rock and mineral wealth of California has made California the most interesting and one of the oft visited places for rockhounders.

    California is abundant with geological forces where mineralogists and gemologists can rockhound for the largest variety of rocks and minerals. The rock and mineral wealth of California has made California the most interesting and one of the oft visited places for rockhounders.

    Desert of California Visited by Various Rockhounders

    RockhounderThe place is visited by all types of rockhounders like rockhounders hunting for rare and precious minerals which are used for commercial purposes as well as rockhounders who rockhound as a hobby and for hunting beautiful rocks and minerals. In earlier days that are before 1930 the desert of California was visited for rockhounding for commercial interests. However, after 1930 the interest for rockhounding increased among people that resulted in the formation of rockhounding groups and rockhounders began to make group visits to the desert of California even for recreational purposes.

    The Reason for Rules and Regulations while Rockhounding in Desert of California

    In earlier days there were no government laws laid on the rockhounding areas of the desert of California. However, as the rockhounders’ visits to the desert of California for rockhounding increased, it resulted in substantial amounts of rocks and minerals being removed by certain people alone. This action of rockhounders compelled the government of California by 1960 to lay rules and regulations for rockhounding activities in the desert of California.

    Source of Information for Rockhounding in Desert of California

    There are various places where rockhounders can carry out their rockhounding activities in the desert of California as per their preferences of rocks and minerals. For knowing more about the places for rockhounding in the desert of California there are various sources and methods. Some of the vital ones among these are:

    • Groups for Rocks, Gems, and Minerals: Rockhounders can join any of the gem, rock, and mineral groups present throughout southern California. Rockhounders can make initial studies about the rock, gem, and mineral groups before joining and join the groups that match their interest in gems, rocks or minerals. Via this rockhounders can get rockhounding advice from experienced rockhounders and these communities also arrange group visits to various places in the desert of California.
    • Libraries and Bookstores: Rockhounders can gather abundant amount of knowledge by visiting bookstores, libraries and “gem and mineral shows”. This would help them to gather various new sources of information and knowledge which they can use during their rockhounding in the desert of California.

    Rules and Regulation for Rockhounding in the Desert of California:

    Some of the vital rules and regulations laid by the government in the interest of the public and natural preservation which rockhounders need to follow while rockhounding in the desert of California are:

    • As stated the Code of Federal Regulations laid by the government of California, only reasonable quantities of rocks, minerals, semiprecious gemstones can be taken by a rockhounder as the source has to be available for all rockhounders without any disturbance.
    • In the above, the reasonable quantity as stated by field Office of California refers to not more than that can be easily held in a daypack by any rockhounder.
    • California government has also laid rules which do not allow rockhounding on developed recreation sites and areas.
    • Collection of petrified wood during rockhounding is allowed only if it is for non-commercial purposes and that also is allowed only from public lands with a limit of 25 pounds allowed for each rockhounder.
    • Rockhounders must get paleontological permit if they want to collect vertebrate fossils at the desert of California which otherwise would be considered as illegal and may result in a fine and imprisonment.
    • The collection of ovate bifaces, cores, flakes, and all other material worked by prehistoric cultures present in public lands is not allowed as stated by the Antiquities Act of 1906.
    • A separate publication named “Discovery, Location, Recordation, and Assessment Work for Mining Claims in California” gives useful guidance for mining claims while rockhounding in the desert of California.
    • Rockhounders can collect rocks for decorative rocks in reasonable quantity which means quantity that can be taken away in the trunk of any car is allowed for each rockhounder.

    So it is vital that rockhounders, before making their rockhounding trip to the desert of California must make essential study and gather information on whether the rockhounding site is open for collection.

    Vital Places for Rockhounding in the desert of California:

    There are various places for rockhounding in the desert of California for rockhounders as per their preferences for collecting minerals and precious gemstones. Some of the popular and most visited rockhounding sites in the desert of California are:

      • Amboy Crater National Natural Landmark (BLM Public Land):

    This place is best suited for rock collecting rockhounders. This is 250 feet high and 1,500 feet in diameter which is located in the Barstow-Bristol trough. This rockhounding site in California is a public land managed by the Bureau of Land Management.

    • Clipper Mountain Wilderness (BLM Public Land):

    This is a small cluster of volcanic mountains which covers a wide area from northeast to southwest.

    • Turtle Mountains Wilderness (BLM Public Land):

    This is the most visited place for quartz rockhounding which is technically termed as a best place for chalcedony and also for rockhounders who rockhound as a hobby.

    • Wiley’s Well Rockhounding District:

    Wiley’s Well Rockhounding District is located in the northeastern part of the Colorado Desert in southern California. This rockhounding site is the most popularly visited site by many rockhounders for rock-collecting. Here, some of the important rockhounding sites to mention are Hauser Geode Beds and Opal Hill Mine. Wiley’s Well District in the Colorado Desert at southern California is rich in jasper, agate, and geodes.

    The desert of California is the most visited place by rockhounders as it is abundant with minerals, rocks and rare and precious stones. Rockhounders must take care to travel in a group and also carry vital essential things in hand like drinking water while rockhounding. Some rockhounding sites require hiking and so proper care must be taken while rockhounding to these sites. All these steps will ensure that the rockhounding trip to desert of California is a remarkable and profitable one.

    Ruby Facts and Buying Guide

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    Ruby Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    It is found in all shades of red however deep red colour is the preferred choice. The distribution of colour is mostly uneven that might be stripes or spots, supposed as pigeon’s blood, clear red with a trace of blue. The basic red colour mostly also comprises overtones of other colours.

    Ruby, the ‘lord of gems’ is one amongst the twelve precious stones God produced while creating life. Its name is derived from the Latin word ruber or rubrum that means red. It is the most valued gem hence in Sanskrit language, referred as ratnaraj that means “king of precious stones” and also ratnanayaka meaning “leader of precious stones.” It is the birthstone for those born in the month of July.

    Real rubies produced by Mother Nature are extremely rare and very expensive. Therefore, artificially red colored rubies are created by man made methods that are relatively quite cheap. Sometimes, few clever buyers sell these cheap stones at the price of the original gemstone. In order to avoid all future surprises buyers should ensure the credibility of the dealers. The seller must inform the buyers about the gemstone treatments and origin clearly. He/she should also give the certificate of authenticity along with the gem at the time of purchase to the buyer. This article is written with the intension to provide the gemstone lovers with all possible facts and information about the valuable red colored precious gem. This content would acquaint the buyers with the essential know-how about this remarkable gemstone.

    Colour – It is an extremely important characteristic. Being the member of mineral corundum (aluminum oxide) family, this exquisite gemstone owes its pure red colour to chromium element present in the chemical composition. Brightness and intensity of red colour increases with the increase of chromium. True and genuine gem possess intense saturated pure red colour with no tinge of either brown or blue. The glow of red colour is similar to that of burning coal. This amazing gemstone holds its beautiful colour in all light variations.

    It is found in all shades of red however deep red colour is the preferred choice. The distribution of colour is mostly uneven that might be stripes or spots, supposed as pigeon’s blood, clear red with a trace of blue. The basic red colour mostly also comprises overtones of other colours. Colour variations are different in each single stone that is no two stones have similar overtones. Few commonly seen overtones are red with yellowish to orange tones or blue to purple tones. All these colour variations complements the main colour and gives amiable look to the gemstone.

    Clarity – Second important characteristic is the transparency. It is the known fact that inclusions are always unwanted but with this gemstone it is different!! Certainly it is undesirable to have inclusions however these act as the certificate for the genuineness of the gem. All original rubies would consist of flaws. Chromium is liable for imperfections within the structure of the gemstone. The colour increases in direct proportion with the amount of chromium in the chemical composition and so is the clarity. The biggest difference lies; colour is positive trait while clarity becomes negative. Chromium results in large number of fractures and infinitesimal indiscretion inside the crystals. This is the reason why this marvelous gemstone always consists lots of defects. Ruby without any inclusion is miracle of the nature and thus it is priced as high as sky.

    Cut – Beauty of the stone lies in the hands of the cutter. The final look is dependent on the cut being given to the gem. With the perfect cut, the stone could appear bigger in size in spite of being less in weight. It is often offered mixed cut, that is by and large oval, but could be round or any other shape like square, rectangle etc. Ruby beads or cabochons are also extensively seen in the jewelry market.

    Carat Weight – It is found mostly in small sizes and less carat weight. Gemstones beyond 3 carat in weight are exceptionally rare and scarce in nature. This captivating gem is priced very high per carat and when it is more than 3 ctw then the price per carat weight gets doubled making it enormously pricey.

    Price – At present this entrancing gemstone fetches maximum price than all other gemstones even the price paid for diamonds. The reasons are many like rarity, scarcity and exceptional features etc. Overall it is the expensive gem and further the price is determined on the basis of origin, colour, clarity and carat weight. Stones from Myanmar are the most sought after and treated as luxury stones. Then comes Thailand and Sri Lanka followed by other parts of the world. Pure intense red colour, minimum flaws and high carat weight are the pinnacle points in terms of price determinant. Financial value of the gem increases with the increase in these points. Original gems possessing all the summit points at the auctions outdo every other thing.

    Few high quality gemstones exhibit unique phenomena of six-point star pattern, called asterism. It is caused due to fine rutilum needles present in structure along the crystal facets. When light is reflected from these needles the stones displays the star pattern. Such gems are over and over again fashioned into even cabochon cuts to best flaunt the phenomena. Further, when seen under a complimentary light source the star gives the impression of moving from one corner to the other corner of the stone with the change in the lighting angle. These gems are called as ‘Star Rubies’. It is rare in nature and very expensive. These gems must show varied rays and the star should be visible in the center of the stone. Price is determined in the order of – beauty, attractive colour and last the transparency.

    Source – Myanmar has been the prime source of preeminent ruby for many years. Mines at Mogok are the oldest mines for this gemstone. The special feature of strong fluorescence is exhibited when exposed to sunlight by the stones procured from this country. Slight pink reddish colored gems are also obtained from the renowned mines. Thailand is the second largest producer of fine quality gems consisting bright red colour. Few Thai gems produce phenomenon of extinction that is black reflections. Sri Lanka comes next in the list. Rubies acquired are fine-looking and habitually seizes pinkish or pastel tint.

    This red beauty is procured from many other parts of the world for example Afghanistan, Pakistan, Australia, Pamir Mountains of the Commonwealth of Independent States, few states of United States and Greenland. African and some more Asian countries also contribute some amount of this precious gem to the world gemstone market. Gemstones with minimum or negligible clarity are found in Karnataka and Orissa state of India.
    Enhancements – Enhancement is common for this divine gemstone. It is treated to enhance the colour and improve the clarity. Man-made dyes are used to augment the colour while surface fractures are hidden through coatings. An ordinary coating does not last for long. Thermal enhancement is considered constant and everlasting. Under this process, the chemical like sodium tetraborate powder is melted under very high temperature and coated on the surface of the stone. The liquid chemical enters the fractures and covers it up. After sometime, the chemical solidifies as an amorphous solid and hides all the flaws. The international gem and jeweler trade acknowledges this treatment.

    Imitations – Gemstone markets are flooded with imitations of this pretty gem. The synthetic stones look exactly identical to the original stones that it is almost impossible to spot the real gemstone. However one very simple tip is, natural rubies possess imperfections within it while the fake stones are created as perfect stones without any defects. Apart from this tip, either gemological testing or truthfulness of the seller could depict the originality of the gemstone. Black Ruby, Timur Ruby and many more such trade names are the faulty names created by the swindle dealers to mislead the buyers with poor quality red spinels or garnets at the high price of original rubies. Therefore, buyers should confirm about the reputation and reliability of the gemstone dealer. Only after 100% satisfaction the final purchase should be made in order to avoid upcoming bombshells.

    Use – This fabulous gem is widely used for making charismatic jewelries in every corner of the globe. All the ornaments holding ruby are made with 14K or 18K yellow gold, white gold and platinum. Sterling silver can also be used but for such classy high priced gemstone it is seldom used moreover, it is not advisable. The stone used is less than three carat in weight. It is very well paired with diamonds to create breath taking rings, pendent, earrings and bracelets. In pairing, ruby is large in size or in the leading position while diamonds are placed in a way to emphasize the beauty of main stone.

    Today, the jewelry designers’ craft attractive earrings variety like stud earrings, hoop earrings and drop earrings. Stud earrings comprise of single large size stone to give royal look. Drop earrings embrace small stones less than two-carat weight as this variety offers sophisticated glance. Pendent and necklace are also available in eye-catching designs to harmonize the neck of the female. At present rings with ruby are embraced by females all over the world especially modern brides. Rings with ornately hued rubies along with diamonds in platinum or white gold are the prime liking for the wedding, anniversary and engagement rings as it articulates a woman’s only one of its kind persona.

    After rings it is bracelets in the selection to complement the delicacy of women’s wrist. Same as rings it also includes unrivaled pairing of this gorgeous gem with diamonds. At the time of purchase the buyers should look for the right width of the bracelet. The gap between the bracelet and wrist must ideally be one finger width. It should not be too long else it would seize the attire and lay strain on the hinge joints and if too short then it would be uncomfortable and injure links and joints.

    Precautions – It is red variety of the corundum mineral; one of the hardest minerals found on the earth crust therefore, it is tough and durable gemstone. It rates 9 Mohs on the scale of mineral hardness. The hardness rate specifies that this astonishing gemstone is ideal for daily wear jewelry and can easily withstand all the odds like sudden temperature changes, ultrasonic home cleaner and so on. Unquestionably it is a sturdy gemstone but at the same time it is a valuable asset for the lifetime. It would be treasure in the time to come therefore all general gemstone precautions and care should be put into practice. The jewelries holding this beautiful gem must be protected from hard blows and hits. In order to sustain the natural glow of the stone avoid wearing it while working with household cleaning agents and harsh chemicals etc. Most important, always protect your ruby or its jewelry from theft and damage. With these small steps one could retain the priceless gemstone longer than the expected lifetime.

    Beliefs – Red colour of this splendid stone symbolizes ardent and rampant love between two people. It is also associated with fire and blood that refers to warmness and liveliness in life. It is believed to stave off bad dreams when kept under the pillow. It should be worn in left hand to boost its power of protection. It helps the wearer in finding true friendship and love. It also lends a hand to the wearer in overcoming negative traits such as apprehension, depression and anxiety. It proffers confidence and zeal towards life and assists in attaining opulence and authority.
    As it is allied with blood it is thought to enhance the blood circulations and heal the pain from related illness. It abets in purification of blood through sanitization and removal of infection or germs. It is even believed to reinforce neurological tissues around the heart. Astrologers recommend politicians and people involved in administrative work to wear this gem in left hand. Females who have miscarriages are suggested to wear this extraordinary gemstone ring to avoid such unfortunate misshapenness in future. All these effects could be experienced only when the wearer wears the original ruby. The ideal weight and size of the stone varies from person to person. It is determined on the basis of height and weight of the wearer.

    Red colour of this fascinating gemstone symbolizes love, warmth and passion. It truly deserves to be well thought-out as king of gemstone as it acquires all it takes for the same such as influential appearance, radiant colour, outstanding hardness and an irresistible brilliance. Hence to own the king, be prepared to spend like a king!!!!

    Ruby Facts

    Chemical CompositionAluminum oxide with chromium and the chemical formula is Al2O3,Cr.
    ColoursAll shades of red with hue of blue, brown, yellow and orange.
    Hardness9.0 Mohs
    Refractive Index1.762-1.778
    Specific Gravity3.96 to 4.01
    LusterVitreous
    Solid StateTransparent to Opaque
    Crystal SystemTrigonal
    Dispersion0.018
    CleavageNone
    FracturesUneven or conchoidal
    PleochroismStrong
    EnhancementMostly enhanced
    SourceMyanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Australia, USA, India, Nepal and other African countries.
    PrecautionsAll general gemstone precautions and care.

    Equipment needed for Rockhounding

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    Equipment needed for Rockhounding

    by Ritika

    Rockhounding is a term used for the activity of rock hunting or collecting rocks and mineral samples from nature. This is more as recreation and hobby oriented and not from the commercial point of view. It has humble beginning as many die-hard rockhounders will tell you. Walking along they chanced upon a beautiful stone, which led them to look for more and more and suddenly they were avid hunters.

    What is rockhounding?

    Rockhounding is a term used for the activity of rock hunting or collecting rocks and mineral samples from nature. This is more as recreation and hobby oriented and not from the commercial point of view. It has humble beginning as many die-hard rockhounders will tell you. Walking along they chanced upon a beautiful stone, which led them to look for more and more and suddenly they were avid hunters.

    In the early days, rock hounds were generally those who were prospecting gemstones and minerals for commercial use. Soon people were attracted to this as a hobby simply because the natural beauty of the stones and the adventure involved was so varied and interesting that they left the commercial aspect to the commercial dealers.

    Rock hounding is all about looking for interesting pieces of gemstones, minerals, or even just stones that nature created. There is no point in talking verse and prose about gemstones if you cannot recognize what you have in your hand. The finished product is what we see in the shops but out there in the rough they look very different. So it is important to learn how to recognize a potential rock for gemstones.

    There are many places which have free sites for prospective rock hounders. Then there are paid sites too. These are usually places where gemstones and minerals have been found regularly. There are maps available but a first timer would do well to visit known and established digs initially. Of course, your best bet is to join the local rock hounders group where you will meet experienced hunters who will have many a handy tip for you. Clubs organize field trips to educate you in the art of rock hounding and along with new friends you get to learn all there is to know about rock hounding.

    Today there are many clubs and groups that support this hobby. There are books on the subject and you can get lots of information at your local tourist centre, the chamber of commerce and of course, the ever present internet. Some states have laws that regulate rock hounding on public land and most national parks prohibit this activity so read up on local laws governing rock hounding activities.

    Getting Started

    Rockhounders need nothing more than a rock hammer to start off. This is a small but precise tool which has a flat hammer on one end and a pick look-alike point at the other. The hammer end is to break up the rock and the pick is used to dig in to crevices to root out the mineral or gemstone. Rock hounding is very interesting. A keen collector will become well conversant with petrology, geology and mineralogy while hunting for rocks. It is important to learn about classification and identification of specimens so you are aware of what you have collected. Many times this hobby has led people in to the business of lapidary, mounting and cutting of gemstones and minerals on a decent sized scale. Here your equipment requirement changes a bit as now you would need polishers and rock saws, a good microscope to enable you to work with crystal varieties etc.

    Safety and Equipment Requirements

    Safety First

    Safety is of paramount importance when rock hounding. Your area of operation would cover most remote and far off locations in dirt, sand and rocky terrains where help is not easily available. You must be as prepared as is humanly possible to cover all eventualities and situations.

    There are some key safety features you need to keep in mind:

    • Travel in groups
    • Carry lots of drinking water and
    • Ensure that you have plenty of fuel to bring you back.
    • If you are a lone ranger, then ensure that people know your plans.
    Equipment

    Rockhounding EquipmentsLet’s start with safety goggles because breaking rocks down means bits of rock and tiny microscopic particles are going to fly. Eye protection is hence of utmost importance. Next is the resultant dust and dirt which you can breathe in so a respirator or a protective mask is your second most important requirement.

    Other than the above two, experience has taught people not to leave home without the following items packed in your rock hounding kit.  (image courtesy: http://www.gemworld.com/GeologyTools.asp)

    • A First Aid Kit is essential as bites, scrapes, cuts and bruises are part and parcel of rock hounding.
    • Maps and guide books to tell you were to go and how to get there.
    • Spare tire and your tool kit, rocks and tires don’t go well together.
    • Garbage bags to carry all your trash and they can be used to wrap up large samples too
    • You need a magnifying glass small enough to hang around your neck so you don’t miss out on the smaller finds.
    • A notebook and writing tools like pencils pens etc to take notes on what you have collected.
    • You need a good quality rock hammer which is made of steel so the head does not snap off. Sheath them so they last longer and paint them a nice bright color so you can spot them easily.
    • Chisels, garden trowels and a round point shovel and hoe set will help you dig around.
    • Containers of assorted sized to collect and store you samples as you go along. You could try egg cartons, milk crates, sacks made of canvas, cardboard cartons, cookie tins and whatever else you deem fit.
    • Medication other than the first aid kit, sunscreen and hats, lots of food and snacks, toilet paper, camping gear and last but not the least
    • Loads of patience and common sense and presence of mind. Most people tend to forget the last three but these are the most important and you cannot do without them.

    Rock hounding is a fun and enjoyable activity if you don’t let yourself get carried away with it. Patience is the key as is perseverance and you are sure to strike gold some day.