Synthetic Ruby Facts

by Yuman Hussain

Synthetic ruby facts tell us about the different processes of lab- based ruby formations. It also tells about main features of some of the popular synthetic rubies available in world markets.

Ruby ‘the Lord of the Gems’ is desired for its rarity and beauty. Acquiring its name from Latin word ‘Rubeus’ it symbolize love and passion. It is the red variety of mineral corundum with colors ranging from purplish to bluish red to a yellowish red. However the finest variety of ruby has vivid red color with the faint undertone of blue as found generally in Burmese rubies. Ruby due to their sturdiness and beauty makes a fine choice for any piece of jewelry. It is an accepted birthstone for the July -born individuals.

Passion for rubies led to their mass production in the laboratories. A.V Verneuil was the first one to create synthetic ruby using flame fusion method in the late 1800s. These rubies are not considered natural since they are made in laboratory. Nowadays new techniques are used to produce synthetic rubies like Kashan ruby and Chatham ruby which are so close to their natural counterparts in all properties like crystal structure, trace elements, color and hardness that it requires careful observation by a qualified gemologist to distinguish them from natural rubies.

The two most common methods are – Flame fusion and Flux fusion process. The first method is flame-fusion process through which ruby is grown by dropping powder into a flame and freezing it into a synthetic ruby crystal. These stones show curved striae (curved color banding), gas bubbles and flecks of aluminum powder which are not found in the natural rubies. Pulled ruby is technically identical with flame ruby. It is a process in which melted ingredients are dripped into a boule and then allowed to cool at room temperature and pressure to crystallize. By this process rubies are grown very quickly but they do not look glassy therefore easier to separate from the natural stones. They are used extensively in imitation and lower priced jewelry etc.

The second process is the flux growth process which takes longer time, usually months to produce rubies which can pass of as real ones. The crystal structure duplicates flux or the molten chemical. These rubies have inclusions which are found in the natural corundum. These form stress fractures when pressure is released during the manufacturing process. The fractures are then filled with growth solutions healing the fractures but leaving behind a pocket of undigested flux. These fluxes resemble feather or fingerprint inclusions or small specks of platinum which appear to have come from the crucible on which the crystals were grown. The difference in the refractive index of the flux to the corundum makes the flux stand out and help in identifying the ruby as synthetic .The flux inclusions can appear coarse in comparison to the natural inclusions. These stones are cut to near ideal proportion and appear flawless to the naked eye. Unlike flame fusion rubies, these let light bounce around .Flux grown rubies are expensive due to long growth time and low production yield.

Some of the synthetic rubies include Douros from Greece, Chakravorty, Ramaura, Kashm and Chatham which are exceptional in beauty and fineness.

* Kashan Rubies are flame grown showing parallel rod like solid filled, coarse negative crystals which are granular or sugary in nature having high degree of reflectivity. The crystals show wispy pattern resembling rain drops or comets. These contain varying amounts of iron-oxide .Their color is close to many Thai rubies with strong orange dichroism.

* Douros Rubies are produced in Greece and are available since 1995.These are made using flux method in which synthetic magma (flux) is grown under conditions similar to those found in nature. These have attractive visual appearance and reflect high degree of transparency. Their pure red colour surface show hexagonal crystal structure.

* Judith Osmer discovered the process of growing gems after 25 years of sustained research and came up with Ramaura Rubies. These are grown by flux technique in controlled high temperature with molten magma. It is grown spontaneously without a seed with natural inclusions, veils, comet tails, conically shaped feathers, growth lines and color zones. The inclusions consist of various forms of flux particularly coarse orange-yellow flux and white flux fingerprints. These features help in identifying Ramaura Rubies as synthetic. Another distinct feature is presence of fluorescent zoning which occurs in the areas just below the surface. Its intensity varies from high to very high and color ranges from sulphur yellow to yellowish orange to nearly pure orange.

* Ruby doublets are produced by using synthetic or imitation backing with a natural corundum crown. It is often possible to detect them through the glue which joints two pieces together. They show natural inclusions like features and crystals.

* Chatham Rubies came into market as early as 1940s when young Carol Chatham from San Francisco discovered the secret of growing gems in a laboratory. These rubies have features including various form of flux residue. These residues are usually opaque white globules, mesh like patterns and tightly arranged white fingerprints. They reflect hexagonal, triangular, rectangular and spiky platinum platelets which reflect slivery light. The other inclusions are transparent crystals, hammock shaped and net like intertwined feathers.

* Chakravorty Rubies are also made through flux process.

* Knischka synthetic Rubies developed by Prof P.O Knischka can be identified through their spindle shaped multifaceted shape. Other internal features include swirls of colour, irregularly shaped with net like liquid feathers. They show black hexagonal platelets of platinum and silver. The most distinguished feature is two-phase inclusions .The absorption band between 250 and 440 nm indicate that the ruby is synthetic.

Synthetic rubies can be extremely beautiful and affordable. But since they are not natural, they are not considered as gemstones. Besides they can never capture the magic and aura of the real rubies

Ruby Stud Earrings

by Yuman Hussain

Ruby is a popular and most desired gemstone since antiquity. Its rarity and blazing red color associated with love, passion and romance makes it very special .Every woman dreams to own real ruby jewelry be it lovely studded earrings, stunning necklace or sparkling bracelet. Ruby stud earrings look stunning when combined with gold or platinum settings. It is an ideal gift for someone you love.

What does a woman loves as a gift after diamond jewelry! She is more likely to choose earrings as it is something which a woman wears most of the time .It can be ruby, diamond or pearl stud earring or hoop or chandelier earrings. These come in all shapes, sizes and price. Earrings crafted from precious metals like gold and platinum and studded with gems are expensive and look really fashionable. In fact they had adorned the women as early as 3000 B.C when they were discovered in West Asia.

Earrings have a special character of their own .It is not surprising that they look good on most of the women .Choose earrings according to occasion and compliment it with the dress you will wear. A right pair of earrings can enhance your appearance by adding sophistication and elegance. Oval faces can wear any type of earring while round face should look nice with long earring. Gem studded earrings look stunning on oval faces. You can match gemstone studded earrings with the colors of your eyes and skin. Wear smaller gemstone earrings for everyday while bigger earrings should be reserved for parties or special occasions. Stud earrings have a timeless appeal which compliment any look and outfit at any time. These look brilliant with traditional classic gowns or trendy college wear. You can find all types of earrings studded with diamond, ruby, pearls, topaz and emeralds. A studded earring adds glamour to your personality. You can match your earrings with necklace for perfect look. They make ideal gift for your special ones with their favorite gems studded in the earrings. They have become extremely popular in recent time with movie stars to sportspersons sporting studded earrings in one or both the ears.

Ruby is available in many shapes like square, round, oval and pear and sizes which makes it ideal for jewelry. A ruby earring looks good in any shape and size as its deep red color adds glow to the face. Oval or pear cut stones look stunning in stud earrings. When ruby is used with gold and platinum settings it gives rich look adding elegance to your look. Ruby studded earrings are must for every fashion conscious modern woman. Even a small cute looking pair can add glamour to the way you dress. A pair of ruby stud earring will make lovely present if you are passionate about your love. A red gemstone representing month of July and symbol of love and romance, ruby has a unique place in jewelry world. It has been a favored stone of royalties since time immemorial adding beauty and grace to the crowns of kings and queens. Ruby is also considered wedding anniversary stone for fifteenth and fortieth years. The word ruby has originated from Latin word ‘ruber’ meaning red. It is red variety of corundum which is second hardest stone after diamond. The most famous rubies are sourced from Burma which is considered to be very expensive and high on quality and clarity. The other countries which produce rubies in smaller quantities are Brazil, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Rubies rank 9 on Mohs scale of hardness as they are strongest after diamonds.

If you want to choose personally, then jewelry stores would be a better option. It is advisable to compare prices from jewelry stores before making purchase. Buy only from reputed stores which have exchange or buy back policy in case of flaw in the piece. To select an ideal pair of earrings it is important to consider cut, color, clarity and carat weight of ruby before buying. The rubies should be cut symmetrically for enhanced value. The color of the ruby is an important criterion. But it is difficult to find natural flawless ruby so most of the pieces have inclusions. The richer with deeper red color are most expensive and rare to find so all depends on your personal choice. Clarity is another important factor as most of stones have imperfections with colored parallel lines or inclusions crisscrossing within the surface. Do not buy rubies which have too many inclusions or fractures. Do not buy rubies which are cut too shallow or deep .Avoid stones which has too much brown or blue shade. You should check the carat weight also so that you get value for your money. Ask the dealer whether the rubies are treated? Check whether they are natural or synthetic as synthetic rubies are much cheaper. Check the uniform color distribution in the stone. There are several websites which sell ruby studded earrings. You can get relevant information regarding the price, quality of the gemstone and hundreds of fabulous designs to choose from the comfort of your home. But compare the prices and quality before ordering an online product.

Ruby studded earrings can be fragile so you have to take special care of them. For cleaning them it is better to use mild cleaning agent or soap. You can simply dip them in warm water and wipe them with soft tissue paper or cloth. Store them in soft pouch to avoid scratches or chips on the surface of the gemstone. Always use soft brush to clear the dirt trapped in between the setting. Never use abrasives as they can scratch the gold or platinum settings.

A ruby studded earring is meant to be valuable and cherished possession for life time. It is something if cared properly can be passed on to your daughter or grandchildren .So do not compromise on the looks and quality of the gemstone. Ruby is the most desired gemstone next to diamond and the feelings associated with it makes it a special gift.

Ruby Mines

by Yuman Hussain

Ruby Mines is about the places and countries where rubies are mined .It also discusses the characteristics of ruby mined from these places and how they are different. Burma Mines produce the finest and deep red rubies. Thai Mines are known to produce dark red to brownish-red stones. Rubies mined from Ceylon are medium light in color and tone. The other ruby mines are located in countries like Cambodia, India and Australia, various localities in Africa and North Carolina in USA

Ruby Mines

Ruby the stone of love and passion is a highly prized gemstone. It is truly a majestic stone with blazing true red color attracting royalty and commoners all through the history. It is a highly durable stone second in hardness and beauty only to diamond. The word Ruby comes from the Latin “ruber,” meaning red. This beautiful gemstone is usually either translucent or transparent belonging to the Corundum group. It has medium to dark tones of red to purple-red in color. Rubies are graded according their carat, clarity and color .They are also graded according to their area of mining. The most stunning specimens are said to be mined from Burma, but good quality rubies are also found in India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Kenya, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the United States though in limited number.  Burma

The Burmese rubies are traditionally believed to be of the finest quality. These rubies known as ‘Pigeon’s Blood’ have deep intense uniform red color with a slight tinge of blue. The Upper Burma mines produce finest and largest supply of rubies. These mines are functional as early as 15th century. The famous traveler Tavernier had mentioned the Burmese ruby mines in his travelogue. The ruby district of Mogok has a total area of 66 square miles but the area where rubies can be found is even larger. It is the principle district engaged in precious stone trading. The mines are located in the towns of Kathay and kyatpyen.The mother rock on which ruby is found is a white dolomitic granular limestone or marble .The secondary gem-bearing bed consists of brown or yellow clayey or sandy material known as byon in Burmese. This byon lies 15 to 20 feet below the surface with 4 to 5 feet thickness. The sides of the hills have 15 to 20 feet thick byons.These byons also occur in the limestone caves which are full of crevices and cracks. These are spread underground for miles and miles. The Burmese rubies have deep red shade and those which are free from any crack or fault get high prices. The poor quality stones are also sometimes found in some areas. Some precious stones are also reported from the river bed of Nampai valley at Namseka village. The second ruby mines area is Sagyin which is located 21 miles from Mandalay. The crystalline limestone hills dot the landscape of Irrawaddy alluvial plains. The ruby stones occur in the crevices and cracks of these hills and in some places these are filled with brown clayey material which contains many precious stones together. These are separated by traditional method of washing. However the rubies are of inferior quality with a paler shade. Some of the other areas are Nanyetseik which is located between Mogaung and Sanka in the Upper Irrawaddy.

Thailand

The rubies found here are dark red in color with brownish tinge. Sometimes they resemble garnet. Some of the pieces are stunning almost as good as Burmese rubies but majority of the stones are dark in shade with inferior quality. The mines of Chantabun are located in the vicinity of the Gulf of Siam, and near the town of Chantabun. The area has grayish granite mountains with the limestone lowlands. It is held that the latter may be the mother-rock of the ruby. At present the precious stone are found in the sands, which are mined by the locals using traditional methods. The other ruby mines are scattered over the area in Krat located near Chantabun. These mines are divided into two groups Bo Nawang and Bo Channa.In the mines of Bo Nawang they are usually found in small pits which are 2 to 4 feet deep. The rubies are in the base of the six to ten inches thick sand .Bo Channa mines are located thirty miles northeast of Bo Nawang and spread over a mile square area .The rubies are found in six to twenty four inches thick sand .Some of the mines are as deep as 24 feet. The ruby district of the sub-province of Muang Klung is located between the provinces of Chantabun and Krat.The gem mines are found in the valley and on the sides of the hills. These valleys are crisscrossed by small streams. It is on their banks the gems are found in alluvium deposits in the dry season. During rainy season miners concentrate on deposits on the sides of the hills. The gem-bearing clayey layer has 10 inches to 5 feet thickness where rubies are found more frequently than other gemstones like sapphires. Few rubies are also found in the sapphire mines of Battambang located southeast of Bangkok.

Ceylon or Sri Lanka Rubies

SriLanka formerly known as Ceylon is famous for gemstones like sapphires and rubies. These stones are some what similar from Burmese stones as they are preserved in the outlines of their original crystalline form. Some stones occur like rounded grains. The rubies mined are bright with lighter red shade. They display stunning brilliance and purity of color. The gem-bearing sands are usually found either on the floors of the river valleys or on the hill sides near the streams. The places in Ratnapur and Rakwana and district near Adam’s Peak are rich in rubies. The mother rock of ruby a crystalline dolomite limestone or marble is found near Bullatotte and Budulla. These rubies are not as valuable as those found in Burma as they are usually of paler shade. There are also places where rubies are mined in negligible numbers. These are:

Australia

Small Size rubies are found in the gold sands of Cudgegong River and its tributaries near Mudgee. A small amount of rubies are also mined in New South Wales.Beechworth and Pakenham in Victoria are some of the other places which have yielded rubies. In Australia ruby occurrences are uncommon than sapphire. Many times in the past red garnet was identified as ruby. It was passed off as ‘Adelaide Rubies’

USA
USA also has some ruby mines. It is common to find corundum often sold as ruby which is of inferior quality. A small amount of better quality rubies are found at Cowee Creek in Macon County which is about five miles from Franklin. The Lucas Mine on Corundum Hill in Macon County produces transparent red corundum which is cut and passed off sometimes as a ruby.

India

Natural Indian Ruby

India is though rich in common corundum but lacks precious or higher quality ruby stones. However some stones can be found in Mysore and in Salem district of Chennai. Cauvery River basin near Pondicherry is another place where mines are located. The stones bear resemblance to those found in river alluvia of Sri Lanka.But instances of really good quality stones is almost negligible here .Most of the royal rubies are said to have been brought from either Burma or Badakshan.

Afghanistan

The ruby mining started in Afghanistan as early as 1870 when the permission was granted by the Amir.The good quality rubies are found in Jagdalak area in micaceous crystalline limestone identical to those found in Burma. The color of the rubies varies from deep red to purple and it is even common to find violet colored stones. Jagdalek rubies closely resemble the gems of Vietnam, Burma and Sri Lanka.The famous ruby mines of Badakshan are situated in Shignan near the Oxus River. They are found near a place called Gharan meaning “mine” which is somewhere between the upper course of the Oxus and its tributary Turt. Here rubies are found embedded in a magnesium limestone deposits.

Africa

Rubies mined here are characterized by a purplish red color. These stones are found in small sizes. The ruby mines are located in Tanzania and Kenya.

World Famous Rubies

by Yuman Hussain

There are some amazing rubies which are world famous for their beauty, color, cut and clarity. A stone renowned for passion and power it has been remained favorite with royalty and dynasties since antiquity. The beauty of this stone had been extolled in several books, travelogues and memoirs of travelers, poets and writers.

Summary: There are some amazing rubies which are world famous for their beauty, color, cut and clarity. A stone renowned for passion and power it has been remained favorite with royalty and dynasties since antiquity. The beauty of this stone had been extolled in several books, travelogues and memoirs of travelers, poets and writers.

Do you know that rubies are most sought after jewel right from antiquity? The royalty and wealthy classes had exquisite collection of rubies. There are many references to these magnificent stones in Bible and ancient Indian Sanskrit texts. The rarity and red brilliant color with fiery flashes have attracted passion and love .It was the symbol of power for the mighty rulers. Burma has continued to be famous for producing world class rubies since antiquity. In ancient and medieval period the Mogok mines were controlled by Burmese kings therefore all stones were part of royal treasury. A giant ruby of 77 ct was discovered by Burma Ruby Mines Ltd in 1899.King Mindon Min sold one stone weighing more than 36 ct to western traders in exchange of cash. However not much is known about the existence of these stones except mention in the literature.

During the reign of King Thebaw in 1878- 1885 a beautiful stone weighing 100 ct was discovered at Mogok an area famous for many magnificent rubies. This stone was presented to the King by the governor of the ruby mining district as a mark of respect. King Thebaw believed to have stunning Burmese rubies collection. There can be no doubt that all large stones were the property of the state. Jean Baptiste Tavernier a 17th century traveler had written extensively about some of the largest rubies in his famous book ‘Travels’. However in those times every red stone was considered ruby. So it is likely that some of these stones could be spinel. It is interesting to know about some of the exceptional rubies who guided the fate of rulers and dynasties world over.

Stunning Star Rubies

Rosser Reeves Star Ruby

It is a finest and largest 138.7 carat star ruby placed at Smithsonian Institution Washington D.C. This brilliant stone was found at Sri Lankan mines. Named after Mr Rosser Reeves who donated it this stone is clear almost translucent with six rayed star. In 1966 it was insured for $150,000.

De Long star Ruby

It is a 100 carat oval cabochon displayed at American Museum of Natural History New York. Martin Ehrmann sold this piece of beauty to Edith Haggin De Long for $21,400.

Brilliant Burmese Rubies

Edwards Ruby

Named after Major General Sir Herbert Benjamin it was 167 carat Burmese ruby donated by John Ruskin in 1887 to British Museum of Natural History.

Peace Ruby

A 25 carat (43carat uncut) brilliant stone was found at the end of World War I hence the name. This magnificent ruby was mined in 1919 from Mogok mines. It had an irregular hexagonal shape with a flat apex. The color was amazing perfect red as deep as pigeon’s blood. A beautiful stone with unblemished clarity it was purchased by Indian trader in Burma and cut in Bombay into exquisite flawless appearance. This stone was bought and sold several times over the years. However present location of this stone is unknown.

Anne of Brittany Ruby

A beautiful but irregular 105 carat stone is displayed at Louvre Paris.

Maung Lin Ruby

It was one of the greatest Burmese Rubies discovered in Momeit in King Mindon Min’s rule in 1853-78. A stunning 400 carat stone was unsurpassed in beauty. The historical records say that the owner of the stone broke the stone into two gifting one to the King Mindon Min and sent the other half secretly to Calcutta. When King came to know about it he ordered its return. The second stone was purchased at an enormous price and returned to Burma. These stones were again recut with one stone with 98 ct named Nga Mauk and the other stone weighed 74 ct came to be known as Kallahpyan. These were taken to England when British annexed Upper Burma.

Alan Caplan’s Ruby or the Mogok Ruby

It is really impossible to find out about the finest ruby ever present. However this stone holds the distinction of being finest with a highest per carat price. It is 15.97ct untreated Burma beauty auctioned by Sotheby in 1986 .It was reportedly purchased by Graff and later sold for a whopping sum to Sultan of Brunei.

J.N Forster Rubies

The two most important Burmese rubies in Europe were a red cushion shape weighing 37 ct and drop shaped 47 ct stones. James N. Forster of London later recut these stones into somewhat smaller pieces. These stones traveled from Burma to England under tight military security and it is widely believed that Burmese King under duress allowed there shipment.

Nga Boh (‘Dragon Lord’) Ruby

It is a 44 ct uncut ruby found at Bawbadan, and 20 ct, when cut. It was one of the finest of its size ever found .It was presented to King Tharawadi. This stone went missing during British conquest of King Thebaw’s palace.

Chhatrapati Manik Ruby

A magnificent Burmese oval cabocarbon with deep red color, this stone has an oldest history dating back to almost 2000 years to the reign of Vikramaditya King of Ujjain. He proclaimed himself as Chatrapati a ‘Supreme King’ and upon advise of his astrologers put the stone in the centre of his crown.

A representation of the gem said to be the Chhatrapati Manik Ruby. At left is a view of the gem mounted in a diamond tiara.This magnificent ruby then was passed to Traders and other rulers from the descendents of the King Vikramaditya. The ruler of Golconda Tara Shah loved the stone so much that he engraved his name on it and ordered a book of poetry to be written extolling its virtues. Later when Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb defeated Tana Shah he ordered to remove his name and put his name instead. Aurangzeb later presented this stone to the bankers of Murshidabad in recognition of their services to Mughal Empire. Later this stone was sold in England and mounted on a diamond tiara.

Hixon Ruby

Another fine Mogok ruby crystal it is displayed at Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. Weighing almost 196.1 ct it has flawless surface.

One of the largest rubies was discovered at Thailand. A giant brilliant 150 ct stone was publicly displayed during gem fairs.

Rough Rubies

Several brilliant pieces of ruby stones are displayed in some of the world’s leading museums. The British Museum has on display a hexagonal prism of 10×7″ weighing 34lb from North Carolina. Another specimen is 12x9x4 cm weighing 105 lb. It is a single crystal piece.

Rubies have continued to hold fascination of the people. A rare stone it is amazing to know about some of the brilliant pieces which have emerged in the history of mankind generating feelings such as passion, love, envy, greed and love. Ruby will remain have special place of honor among the lovers of finest jewelry and gemstones.

Ruby types

by Madubanti Rudra

Going to buy rubies? Read on the article below to learn about the classifications of this outstanding jewel to make an informed decision.

Are you in search of a unique gift to impress your Valentine? Or are you a person into many years of marriage who wants to add some spice to his love life? Are you looking for some unusual way for expressing love to the special person in your life? Whatever may be the case, say, “I love you” with a ruby and see the sparks fly instantly. This is a gem, which has often been equated with human passion of the highest level. What could be more expressive than letting a part of your thought be known through this remarkable gem? So if you want to share the warmth of your heart with the person you love or you wish to express your passion, make a ruby the conduit of your emotions. Since antiquity, this red member of the corundum family has been adored by Royals, as well as commoners for its blood red hues and flaming radiance. The original grade one rubies, which are rare to the point of extinction, often out price diamond of similar size.

If you want to learn about the types of rubies, you have to first understand the chemical composition of this magnificent stone. Rubies originate from the ore of Aluminum oxide or corundum. The hardness of ruby is measured 9 on Mohs scale and its specific gravity is 3.96 – 4.01. Its glow is due to its refractive index, which is 1.759 – 1.767 to 1.770 – 1.779. These qualities make the rubies especially suitable for jewellery making.

We borrow the name of ruby whenever we try to describe anything red. But you can find many variations in shades of red in this July birthstone. These variations are the result of the presence of inclusions in the stone. While the chromic oxide is responsible for the red hues, ferric oxide lends it yellowish tints. Intense reds in certain rubies are the function of titanium. You can even find rubies with pink, purple, orange and brown shades as a result of the presence of chromium and iron in varied degrees.

Apart from the color, it is the places of origin that accounts for the broader classification of rubies. If you are a gemstone enthusiast, you might know about the value of Burma rubies. Even if you are not, it is likely you might have heard about them. These are the rubies with the greatest fame and in optimum demand. Its fame stretches long back to the days of Marco Polo who has made a mention of these precious stones in his travel accounts.

You will find that the rubies mined in Thailand finish a close second in the race for the top position. However, more or less the same quality of rubies can also be found in the countries like Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Africa. They are similar in the sense, that they possess similar chemical as well as physical properties. Then how are they distinguished from each other? It is their unique shades that make them distinguishable according to their places of origin. Let us examine the discernible qualities of some of the world famous varieties of rubies.

Burmese rubies

Burma has been the source of the world’s most superior quality rubies. It is the fierce red displayed under any kind of light that makes these Burmese rubies one of the most coveted jewels in the world. The unique color in Burmese rubies is described as ‘pigeon’s blood’. The chromium impurities are accountable for this flaming red in Burmese rubies. The regions around Mogok in northern Burma and Mong-Hsu to the east of Mandalay are famous for ruby mining. Kinds of blemishes are the essential attributes of any natural stone. Burmese rubies contain the least of them. Sometimes they do come with inclusions in blue or pink shades.

Thai rubies

Next in order of quality, Thai rubies come second. Thai rubies come with rather darker undertones caused by the presence of iron along with chromium. Thus you find the Thai rubies with brownish to burgundy hues. Also known as Siam rubies, these of course are no match for their Burmese cousins. Most of them are heat-treated. Chantaburi and Trat provinces lying in the south-east of Bangkok are famous for ruby mining.

Sri-Lankan rubies

If you want a match for those gorgeous Burmese rubies you can some times find it in the Sri-Lankan rubies. These rubies with pink tints have a unique beauty of their own.

Vietnam rubies

Vietnamese rubies have a standard as high as Burmese rubies. Yen Bai and Nghe are two of the prime mines of Vietnam. They have an unpredictable supply.

Tanzania Rubies

In Tanzania, ruby deposits are found in regions near Songea. The color of these rubies resembles the garnet so closely that even jewelers are often baffled by their closeness. It has been noticed that the intensity of color diminishes with size. Therefore, the smaller the Tanzanian rubies are, the more they command price.

Madagascar rubies

Two regions in Madagascar; Andilamena and Vatomandry are recent additions in the world ruby mining map. Here ruby occurs in a large number of igneous rocks. Apply a little bit heat treatment and wow! They are almost equal to their Burmese cousins in beauty and vitality. They are special from the aspects of gemological and mineralogical properties too.

The deposit discovered in the Andilamena region is quite substantial and has been much into production of rubies in recent years. The rubies mined in the Vatomandry region do not require heat treatment. The rubies mined here are found in attractive crystal forms in shades of orange, red and pink.

Afghanistan rubies

Little is known about ruby mining in Afghanistan. However we find its reference in the writings of travelers as early as 951 A.D. Ibn Batuta, Al Biruni and Marco Polo discussed about ruby mining in Afghanistan in their travelogues. Balas ruby mines of Badakshan and Jagdalek appear to be authentic sources of rubies in Afghanistan. Not much is known about the gemological properties of Badakshan rubies. However the physical and chemical properties of Jagdalek rubies account for ruby crystals in faint colors to deep red. Often they are slightly purplish and strongly fluorescent. Occasionally violet rubies have been mined in these desolate mining regions. Afghanistan Ruby image courtesy: mineral.galleries.com

Synthetic rubies

Synthetic rubies are primarily of three types- doublets, Verneuil or flame fusion and flux grown.

Doublets:
This type of synthetic rubies are not much in vogue nowadays. However they make great gifts. Doublets are usually stones of imitation backing with a natural corundum crown, generally made out of green or white corundum. When viewed carefully the joint made with glue can be noticed.

Verneiul or flame fusion:
The name is attributed to the process of production. They are easily distinguishable from natural rubies. These synthetic rubies are typically characterized by certain curved color banding known as striae. You can also find inclusions in the form of gas bubbles in them.

Flux grown:
This is the synthetic variety that you can not easily distinguish from a real one. Molten flux is crystallized under specified conditions of temperature and pressure to produce these versions of synthetic rubies. The stones might develop fractures when the pressure is released. Different processes of flux-grown rubies produce different types of inclusions. Often inclusions resemble that of natural rubies.

Do you want to see the smiling face of your beloved? Then present her a gorgeous ruby and eternalize your love. The types of ruby described above will guide you through your purchase.

Star Ruby

by Nasrina Parvin Khan

Star Ruby is a type of rubies, which shows the special optical phenomenon “asterism”. “Asterism” is a phenomenon by which a star shaped light effect has been shown across the surface of the gem through the reflection or transmission of light.

‘Red’ is the color of passion, love, brightness and power. Every women as well as men are fascinated with this color .If we get a gem with color ‘red’ it will be a pleasing experience for us. It will fulfill our desire to get a gemstone with red.

Is there any gemstone in ‘red’? Yes, it is “ruby”. Ruby is the most passionate as well as most precious gemstone in this Earth. The most important characteristic of this gem is its amazing color.

The name ruby was came from the Latin word ‘rubens’ which means red. This excellent colored gemstone is considered as the King of Gemstone.

India was considered as the classical country of rubies for a long time. In the Sanskrit (on of the classical languages of India) ruby is called ‘ratnaraj’ which translates as “King of the Gemstones”.

Other important characteristics of ruby are its excellent hardness and brightness. On the Moh’s scale this splendid stone shows a hardness of 9, just after the diamond, the gravity is also high of this gem. It is 3.97- 4.05.

Rarity is another important thing about ruby. Ruby is an extremely rare gemstone. Especially finer quality ruby is very rare.

Ruby is the red variety of the corundum mineral. Actually the pure corundum has no color. Inclusions of little bit of other elements like, chrome, iron, titanium or vanadium are responsible for creating the color ‘red’. The ingredients of ruby are Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and chrome with smallest proportions of other trace elements. But all the things are depends on the respective occurrence. Actually chrome is the element, which awarding ruby it’s amazing color deep inside the core of Earth, since the creation of the gemstone.

Ruby occurs in metamorphic rocks, diplomatic marble and gneiss. Usually corundum mined from secondary alluvial deposits. Very rarely, it is mined from primary deposits.

There are various kinds of rubies. But the most rare, valuable and attractive form of rubies is Star Ruby.

WHAT IS STAR RUBY?

STAR ruby is a rare variety of rubies. Nearly 3 stars are discovered in every 100 faceted corundum mined. Fine stars are more rare.

Star Ruby is a type of rubies, which shows the special optical phenomenon “asterism“.

“Asterism” is a phenomenon by which a star shaped light effect has been shown across the surface of the gem through the reflection or transmission of light.

Star Ruby is one of the most popular star gems, which shows an illuminated, wavy star bellow the surface of the crystal.

Usually Star Ruby shows the six legged star effect. But it can shows four to twelve rays depending on the crystal system of the gems. Twelve rays star effect in ruby is very occasional.

WHAT CAUSES STAR EFFECT

Star effect or “asterism” is caused by the dense inclusions of tiny fibers of foreign particles in gems. Generally, these inclusions are the reason of the reflection of light and form a wavy star like formation, which moves around when the mineral is rotated. All the inclusions in the gem are form via exsolution.

Solid crystal inclusions found within the corundum ruby. Some rubies leave holes or empty areas in the host, which filled with liquid, gas or solid. Reflection creates from fibers or fibrous cavity in the crystal.

The inclusions must be long, very thin needle like which called as ‘rutile’. “Asterism” is produced when the light is concentrate into 3 rays that intersects at right angles to the direction of the needles. Thus we get a six-rayed star. Small needles of rutile sometimes called ‘silk’ are oriented inside the minerals in the direction of the crystal growth system. There is relationship between the gem’s growth and the number of rays produced by the reflected light.

The arrangements of needles in a hexagonal pattern produced six-rayed ‘asterism’.

Exsolved inclusions form a pattern in the host mineral to form a star. This pattern remains same in case of ruby. The rays of star should cross at the top of the ruby and must be distinct.

QUALITY OF A STAR

The sharpness and the size of the star in ruby depend on the quality and quantity of rutile needles. We get a better star in ruby when the rutile packed more densely. Longer needles also produce a better star than the tiny particles. When the quantities of needles are much more, ruby turned into a low translucent stone and lack ‘asterism’. It also harms the color of ruby.

CUTTING OF A STAR RUBY

Cutting is very important to exhibit the star effect in ruby. Proper cutting helps to extracts the beauty of the gem. To display the star effect in best way, a ruby must be cut as cabochon with the girdle, parallel to the needles. Medium to high cabochons need to be cut to get a perfect star in ruby. The domed must be round or oval shaped.

COLOR OF STAR RUBY

The color of ruby is red. But the Star Ruby usually is not red. The Star Ruby available in red/pink or pink/red. Star Ruby from Sri Lanka is purplish brown. Generally the pinks have the best stars. Star Ruby with color ‘red’ is very very rare and costly. Red ruby with a perfect star are quiet impossible to locate.

COST OF STAR RUBY

The cost of red Star Ruby can reach at $50,000 per carat. Generally, three-carat pinks Star ruby sell for about $2000+ per carat whereas reds begin at about $5000 per carat.

The value of a Star Ruby influenced by the intensity and attractiveness of the body colors as well as the strength and sharpness of the star. All six legs of the star should be straight and prominent.

OCCURRENCE OF STAR RUBY

Finer qualities Star Rubies mainly come from Mogok of Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Mogok material is the most fascinating. In the other hand African and Thai corundum do not produce stars due to the lack of rutile in the host material.

FAMOUS STAR RUBY

The most famous spectacular Star Ruby is over 138-carat Rosser Reeves Ruby, which can be seen at the Smithsonian. It was mined in Sri Lanka.
More Resources
Ruby mineral specimens
Buy Star ruby at gemhut
Burma Star Ruby

Ruby Identification

by Erum Qureshi

Step by step laboratory identification procedure for Rubies. “There are numerous tests conducted to identify true rubies. Various characteristics and traits are judged by a gemologist to authenticate and grade a ruby”

Identification of Rubies

There are numerous tests conducted to identify true rubies. Various characteristics and traits are judged by a gemologist to authenticate and grade a ruby.

Color

The first criteria a gemologist looks for in a stone purported to be a ruby is the color – a strong red color, and a stone belonging to the corundum species will be the first very basic factors, which will decide if the given stone is indeed a ruby and whether it ought to be subject to further examination and tests to prove beyond doubt that it is indeed a ruby. Tests for hardness, for measuring the specific gravity of the stone and the refraction of light are just some of them.

Physical Properties of Rubies

Species

Corundum as a mineral would be colorless if pure. However the presence of one or more metallic oxides present in the stone as impurities gives corundum its colors. All stones belonging to this species ranging in varying shades of red to a deep crimson are called rubies.

Light red, pink or even violet corundum are usually called sapphires because if they were grouped as rubies they would be stones of an inferior quality. Hence, besides red, all other colors of corundum are properly termed as sapphires with color prefix.

Corundum is found in many colors besides red (ruby) and blue (sapphire). Colorless, yellow, violet, green and even brown colors may be found. The name ruby literally means red (derived from the Latin word – ‘ruber’.) Rubies vary in shades from varieties of red to a deep crimson due to traces of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in its crystal structure. The amount of chromic oxide (usually 1-3%) determines the depth of color in the stones and traces of iron in the ferric state gives them a brownish tinge. The ideal color for a ruby would be a strong traffic signal red.

Hardness

Although corundum is a hard mineral (rating 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness) care needs to be taken during testing as they are slightly brittle and if dropped on a hard surface or given a sharp blow, are prone to develop internal flaws or fractures.

Step by step tests to determine Ruby’s authenticity

Determination of Specific Gravity (SG)

Each gemstone has its own specific gravity which is ratio of its weight to the same volume of water.

The specific gravity of purest corundum is around 3.98, this value, way beyond the range of commercially sold heavy liquids usually used to determine Specific gravity. Therefore a special solution called “Clerici” is used. This solution contains very soluble thallium salts: the ‘formate’ and the ‘malonate’. The Clerici solution at a specific gravity of 4.00 is dense enough to float corundum at room temperature. Thus, in spite of being hazardous and viscous as compared to other high density liquids, it is used to measure the specific gravity of Ruby and Sapphire.

The Clerici solution is an aqueous solution and can be diluted with distilled water. Ruby when suspended in a beaker of Clerici solution has to be clean and dry and so do the tweezers and other apparatus used for the test. Care needs to taken that these are free from other organic solutions before immersing the gem in the solution.

Natural ruby will have an SG approximating 3.99 although there is a variation for stones mined from different localities. Once the SG is confirmed to be that of corundum, the gemologist moves on to the next step.

Determination of Refractive Index

Light rays leaving one medium and entering another obliquely seem to bend a little at the place of contact. This is called refraction of light.

During gem testing, measuring the refractive index or RI helps the gemologist observe the indices of refraction of light on a particular species of gemstone. Spot readings are taken for cabochon cut rubies; faceted stones are placed facedown on the glass of a Refractometer with a small amount of contact liquid and the reading is taken. The RI of ruby will be between 1.76 and 1.77.

The refractive index can sometimes be a decisive factor for successfully eliminating a ruby look-alike like tourmaline which will have a much lower RI of 1.61 to 1.66.

Double Refraction Test

When a ray of light enters a crystal having a Trigonal system in directions other than the optic axis, it splits into two distinct rays. This is known as double refraction. The Ruby, being of the Trigonal crystal structure shows two indices of refraction in a polariscope. These are known as the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray.

This can be useful in identifying gemstones, the difference between the highest and lowest refractive index is known as birefringence. Ruby has a birefringence of – 0.008, with a negative sign because the ordinary ray is of greater value.

Pleochroism Test

Because the ruby is doubly refractive (it has two rays), each of these rays absorbs light differently and this has an effect on the stone’s color. When it is turned, it shows a slightly different shade of color and this effect is known as Dichroism.

The ordinary ray in ruby showing a deep purplish red is the most attractive and desirable for this species.

Determination of Absorption Spectra

The absorption of colored stones is in well marked bands or finer dark lines which cross the otherwise continuous spectrum, obliterating certain colors or wavelengths when white light is transmitted through or reflected from the stone.

The spectroscope is an instrument that determines the wavelength of the absorbed light. The wavelength is measured in nanometers (symbol nm) or angstrom symbol ?. The spectrum most common to Ruby is the chromium spectrum. It is characterized by general absorption in the deep violet, transmission in the blue, an absorption band in the green and transmission in the orange and red.

Fluorescence Test

The luminescence of rubies whose coloring agent is chromium is a strong crimson / orange light when subject to any kind of radiation (short-wave, long-wave or even blue light). When viewed through the Chelsea color filter, this fluorescent red is visible. It is this property that can be used to distinguish between garnets and rubies – garnets do not fluoresce.

Microscopic Examination

Without doubt the final and most determinative test to decide the authenticity of any gemstone is its examination under a microscope.

Gemologists rely on their expertise and experience to spot the inclusions before taking the final call on the authenticity and grade of a gemstone. Inclusions (irregularities in the crystal structure and internal flaws) in ruby are straight angular growth lines following the crystal faces. Included are rutile needles or hematite plates called ‘silk’, which bring about a soft sheen in the stone.

When such a stone is cut en cabochon these rutile needles or ‘silk’ brings about the rare cat’s eye effect or the very desirable asterism (a six rayed star that shimmers above the stone’s surface when it is moved). Rhombohedral twinning and boehmite needles are inclusions exclusive to natural corundum and have never been observed in flux grown synthetic corundums. Inclusions typical to synthetic ruby are curved growth lines (thin striae or bands), gas bubbles and dense clouds of extremely fine rutile silk in star stones. These clouds do not show the straight angular zoning patterns that natural stones show, they have curving bands instead.

Besides the observing the color, there are an array of tests to identify a given stone as a ruby. These tests, conducted by trained gemologists under strict guidelines using highly sophisticated equipment will establish beyond doubt the identity of any given gemstone. As it is next to impossible for an untrained eye to distinguish between synthetic and natural stones, or even ruby or a look alike from a gem of another species, these methods are valuable tools that help in identifying gemstones and making a correct, informed decision about their purchase or use.

Important Ruby Mines

by Ritika Changrani

For thousands of years the Ruby has been considered the one of the most precious of the twelve stones created by God. Ruby mines are found in USA, Sri Lanka, Burma, Vietnam, Thailand etc.

The bible aptly describes the value of a Ruby in the saying “more precious than rubies”. The ancient language of Sanskrit describes the Ruby as a “RatnaRaj” which translates as the King of precious stones. The word ruby comes from the Latin word “ruber”.

Today the ruby is valued far more than even the best in colorless diamonds. Ruby is a crystalline form of aluminum and it is one of the most durable of all minerals in existence. Of the mineral corundum, the ruby is the gem quality. Corundums are very hard and in its most common form it is used as an abrasive.

The value of a ruby is determined by its color. We all know that red is an indicator for top quality gems. These will not have any brown or blue overtones. The ruby is a very intensely colored substance and at its best, the red looks like glowing coal. In ancient times, these perpetual fires that never extinguished themselves were thought to have magical powers.

The value of a ruby is decided by three other factors viz. cut, size and clarity. Perfectly translucent rubies with no flaws visible to the naked eye are the most valuable. The cut of the ruby decides how lively and attractive the ruby looks. If light were reflected across the surface of the ruby evenly then that would indicate that it is a well cut stone. Large rubies are rare; hence the bigger your ruby, the more expensive it will be. Some rubies have a six point three ray star. These are star rubies and to display the effect they are cut in a smooth domed cabochon.

Ruby Mines

There are some important mines in the world where rubies are found. In the western tip of North Carolina, in Macon County sits Franklin. You can access this place from anywhere and you have to pass the gorgeous scenery of Blue Ridge, waterfalls, streams flowing over rocks, the works. The 1870’s saw the mining of the corundum in Macon County. The ruby belongs to the family of the corundum mineral which is a very hard mineral second only to the diamond. But this mining ended when synthetic corundum became a cheaper option.

The Sheffield Mines

The mines reopened when tourists showed an interest in looking for rubies themselves. This is how the Sheffield Mine became famous because every tourist went away with at least a small ruby or sapphire for their efforts. This mine sells native dirt and it is your luck if you do find a ruby or not. Unlike other mines, this mine does not enrich the dirt with purchased uncut gems. In the Sheffield mines has sapphires and rare star rubies and if you are lucky enough to find one you will see how a plain grey colored rock turns into a beautiful gemstone, untreated by humans and as natural as the dirt they come from. (Modified with input from William Kock, and on field experience.)

The Burma Mines

The Burma mines are yet another source of fine rubies. Myanmar or Burma has a history of ruby mines as old as time. The mining area of Mogok has revealed mining tools that belong to the bronze as well as the Stone Age. The rubies found here are described as pigeon blood due to their pure red color. There is another variety of ruby produced here which is more of a pink red rather than blood red and they are simply gorgeous. These rubies have a strong fluorescence and you will see layers of extra color when exposed to ultraviolet rays like sunlight. These rubies hold their color under any kind of light and therein lies their reputation.image courtesy: www.allmyanmar.com

The most recently discovered mining area in Burma is called Mong Hsu. This deposit is producing commercial quality of rubies in commercial quantities which includes a large amount of the fine Burma ruby and the sizes go up to a carat also. Trade and commerce in the little village in Tachilek has blossomed due to this ruby bonanza. The world’s most important ruby trading center is Thailand. Mae Sai is a place very close to Tachilek and it is now populated by traders and cutters who send most of the finds to Thailand.

The Vietnam Ruby Mines

1992 saw the discovery of a ruby mine in Vietnam. The quality of rubies produced here are similar to those of the Burma mines. Geologically speaking, the vein may be a continuation of the one in Burma.

Rubies found in other places

Fine rubies that are found in Thailand have a slightly darker red tone which moves more towards burgundy than pink. There are a variety of Thai rubies that have a black reflection which are known as extinction which makes the red look darker than what it is. These give the Burmese rubies a run for their money. On the other hand Sri Lankan rubies are pinker in hue or even in pastel shades. Gem Mining in Sri Lanka is mainly from the secondary alluvial deposits found in the river gravels. Mining pits are hand dug to access the gravel.

In the 1960’s the world got a surprise when rubies and sapphires were discovered in Kenya and Tanzania and this was more so because their colors could rival with the best in the world. But sadly, the rubies found here were flawed with tiny inclusions which reduced their transparency greatly. On the other hand, rubies from the African mines have a superb color but they are not transparent enough to give facets. When cut cabochon style, the color is displayed to its best.

On rare occasions, rubies from Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Pamir mountains find their way into the markets but mining here is very difficult due to the unfriendly terrain.