Turquoise – peoples gem

    Turquoise – peoples gem

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    Turquoise – peoples gem

    by Nandita Ray

    Aristotle spoke about it. Marco Polo wrote about it. Truly a people’s gem, it has adorned the human race for ages. Its universal appeal is intact even today.

    Queen Zara of Egypt wore it in 5000BC. She probably started the trend! King Tutankhamen wore it. The Pharaohs of Aztec wore it, the Native Indians used it, the high priests wore it to invoke the God Spirit. The Tibetans and the Chinese wore it. Even the Indians of the sub- continent adopted it. Aristotle spoke about it. Marco Polo wrote about it. Truly a people’s gem, it has adorned the human race for ages. Its universal appeal is intact even today. This is none other than the turquoise, so named after Turkey. It was introduced into Europe through the Turkish Trade route. Some say it was introduced into Europe during crusades (holy war). Its exact entry into Europe is, however not very clear.

    Physical Properties

    It is a semi precious stone, found in the deep recesses of the earth. ‘Pierre Torque’, the dark blue stone, as the French called it is ‘Robin Blue’ in color. This is the most natural color. However, it comes in various shades of blue, green, bluish green, brownish gray to even bright Chinese green. The best Turquoise comes from Persia, now Northern Iran.

    Chemical Properties

    This is a mineral called Phosphate. The color of the mineral is the result of underground water running over lumps of copper or aluminum phosphates, embedded in the parent rock. A chemical reaction takes place between the salts already dissolved in the water, with the copper or aluminum phosphates present in the rock. And this chemical reaction gives it the various shades of color. It takes more than a million years for the Turquoise to get the color. If the copper present is more, the mineral will take on blue color. If aluminum is more then the color becomes pale or white. Presence of iron in the water and its reaction with the phosphate will give it the bluish green tint. Sometimes the presence of zinc leads to yellow color.

    Sediments or impurities present in the water leave dark spots or thin vein like lines in the Turquoise. Some of the veins form patterns which look like a spider’s web. These black designs are also called matrix. The American and Mexican variety sports matrix. Many people insist on buying this type of Turquoise as a mark of authenticity. Turquoise from Iran is spotless. Some natural Turquoise may contain irregular white patches. Sand stone, Jasper, Limonite or pieces of rock are the impurities found in the stone.

    History

    First discovered in 5000-4000 BC, in the semi-arid deserts of Sinai, it was mined by the Egyptians. They used it extensively for various purposes. In 1900’s, huge deposits were found in the South Western part of America. Peru, Chile, Argentina, Australia, Tibet, China, Turkistan, Iran, and Mexico produce this gem. While in the USA, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado, produce this gem too. The mines of Iran used to supply a lot of Turquoise to Europe, Western Asia and America, before production ceased. Mines in America and Mexico are facing closure due to over mining. Today, Tibet and China supply three fourths of this gem in international market. The names of the various types of Turquoise are always based on the mines from where they are produced. Example-Sleeping Beauty, King man, Blue Gem etc.

    Types

    The real stone is getting rarer each day. Only three percent of the Turquoise sold in the international market is natural. In its natural form, it is a very expensive gem .Inexpensive variety is quite popular today. The most common one is Stabilized Turquoise. It is a soft and chalky stone. It is mostly covered with a coating of resin or plastic. This is done to protect it from damage and also to help keep the color intact. This is the best one after natural Turquoise. Treated ones are also soft. The color of the resin is dyed. Then there is the Reconstituted Turquoise. It is made up of low grade chips or powdered Turquoise. They are compressed and shaped. They are saturated with resin. Imitation Turquoise is dyed stone or even plastic. It is made to resemble the gem. It is shiny and oily. If Turquoise is dipped in color, it should be mentioned.

    Turquoise is never facetted. That is, it doesn’t have the plane surface of a cut gem like the diamond or ruby. This is because it is soft.

    Popularity

    Turquoise is very popular because it has many sterling qualities. The Egyptians considered it a Godly stone, having Divine powers. They not only used it as jewelry but also wore it as charms and amulets to keep evil away. The high priests wore it stitched on their upper vests when calling on the Higher Spirits. From kings to the commoner wore Turquoise. A Persian philosopher put it aptly ‘the wearer shall never be poor’. Meaning health, wealth and happiness will come to the wearer. It was also used by the Native Americans, who also believed that it had spiritual powers. They thought that there existed a deep connection between the spirits residing in the blue sky and the blue stone found in the earth. They surrounded themselves with this stone. It was not only made into jewelry but also on all essential articles. To make hunting easy, they used it on arrow heads. Totem Poles, daggers, bridle of horse and burial ground, all had pieces of Turquoise. Some believed that a piece of this stone dropped in the river, would bring rain. The Aztecs decorated their mask with chips of Turquoise. Even today, people wear this stone for their personal safety. Especially people working as pilots or astronauts.

    Benefits

    Turquoise is considered to have beneficial effects on the wearer. It is supposed to carry the female i.e. the moon’s power. Therefore people suffering from low spirits or depression, benefit from this stone. It soothes and calms the nerves and rejuvenates the spirit. It is supposed to relief the body from aches, pains and muscle soreness. It regulates metabolism and rejuvenates the pancreas. It protects against accidents and violence. People seeking spiritual growth are advised to wear this stone.

    Jewelry

    Set in silver, it looks stunning. This is because the blue of the stone contrasts with the white of the silver. It can also be set in gold. In fact, in India, where the stone is called ‘Phiroza’, the original Persian name, is set in gold when making Navratan or Kundan sets. It can be used in necklace, bangles, rings, earrings and bracelets. It can also be made into belts, hair bands, pins, watch bands, buttons and brooches.

    Upkeep

    It is a soft stone. It is also porous. It can get bruised easily. Over exposure to intense heat or light can change its color. Strong detergents and oil can also erode it. It can easily absorb oil and should be kept away from hand creams and lotions. Strong soaps and acids used at home, can damage it. It can get chipped easily. Therefore it should not be kept with other pieces of jewelry. It can be cleaned with warm water and polished with a soft cloth.

    This is the Birthstone for people born in December. It is considered lucky for people born on 1,3,4,6 and 8.

    Turquoise Jewellery

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    Turquoise Jewelry

    by Nasrina Parvin Khan

    In many cultures, turquoise jewelry is much more than a beauty wears. They believed turquoise changed its color with the wearer’s health and the magical power of this gem will protect them from diseases and unwanted forces.

    TURQUOISE: A GEM

    Turquoise is a precious opaque gem, which used as ornamental stone for thousand of years. It is a rare gemstone and softer than other gems such as rubies, sapphires etc. This opaque gem has become very popular in jewelry in current age.

    Turquoise Jewellery
    image courtesy: http://chacodog.com/

    There are two opinions, how the name ‘turquoise’ came. First one is that the name “turquoise” came from French word “Turquie” (French for Turkey). There was a misconception that the gem was originated from Turkey. Thus the name ‘turquoise’ was given to it. Another opinion is that the name came from French “pierre turquin” which means dark blue stone.

    The gem turquoise does not occur in Turkey, but was traded at Turkish Bazaar by the ancient Venetians who introduced it to Europe. It is supposed that the stone came from the Alimersai Mountain region in Persia, now is Iran or the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, two of the world’s oldest known turquoise mine.

    COMPONENTS OF TURQUOISE

    Turquoise is the only gemstone, which belongs to the phosphate group. It is a hydrated phosphate of Aluminium and copper. The copper gives it the blue hue. Chemical formula of the stone is CuAl6 (PO4) 4(OH) 3.5H2O.

    COLORS OF TURQUOISE

    The turquoise can be available in sky blue, robin’s egg blue, blue green, greenish, deep green, sometimes veining black or brownish markings of matrix just like spider web depending on the mining place.

    The most desirable as well as valuable is a sky blue to a clear “robin’s egg” blue (in reference to the eggs of the American Robin). Green hues influenced to decrease the value of the stone, though greener blue is preferred in Tibet.

    High quality turquoise has a permanent color whereas waxy turquoise keeps its color hardly.

    PERSIAN TURQUOISE

    Finest qualities of turquoise were found in Persia for thousands of years. Thus the term “Persian Turquoise” referred to the finest turquoise. But the situation changed. Modern miners discovered large quantities of high quality turquoise in the western and southwestern United States in the late 1880’s and early 1900’s, which are as fine as finest “Persian”. But nowadays the term “Persian Turquoise” used to signify all the finest turquoise in world.

    HISTORY & ORIGIN OF TURQUOISE JEWELRY

    Turquoise, is one of the oldest gemstone has been used for jewellery making since 5500 B.C. this pastel shades gems jewelry was worn by the rulers of Ancient Egypt, the Aztecs, Persia, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and also in Ancient China (since Sang Dynasty).

    Queen Zer and King Tut were among the Egyptian royalty whose mummies were discovered with turquoise jewellery. Turquoise jewelry has got an appreciation in ancient Aztecs culture also. Aztecs offer the turquoise jewelry to their Serpent God. Both southwestern U.S. Native Americans and many of the Indian tribes in Mexico, largely for jewelry making since about 200 B.C., have used turquoise but the style of combining silver with their turquoise jewelry is comparatively new. This style introduced most likely in 1880.The Native Americans have made solid turquoise beads, carvings and inlaid mosaics at this time.

    Despite being one of the oldest gems, turquoise did not obtain importance as an ornamental gem in the West till the 14th century. It was introduced to Europe through Turkey. Turquoise jewelry was unknown to Indian until Mogul period and unknown in Japan until the 18th century.

    In many cultures, turquoise jewelry is much more than a beauty wears. They believed turquoise changed its color with the wearer’s health and the magical power of this gem will protect them from diseases and unwanted forces.

    TURQUOISE JEWELLERY

    Turquoise jewelry has a classic appeal. Turquoise jewelry has found a place in the fashion scenario till the last century and still being popular. Turquoise jewelry has a distinct charm. The beautiful shade of blue, which said to steal from the sky, has created a fascination. The specialty of the turquoise jewelry is that not two pieces of turquoise have the same pattern.

    Traditionally, the Native American Indian Artists made Turquoise jewelry. They choose and handcrafted the jewelry around the gems. Today’s artists also adopted the craft to create contemporary turquoise jewelry. They combined the mystique, elegance and natural beauty of turquoise with sterling silver to make modern designs.

    Navajo, Zuni, Hopi and other Indian tribes make Native American Indian jewelry. The styles of the jewelry vary from tribe to tribe. Ancient Navajo Indian Jewelry includes handcrafted silver jewelry with hand stamped design, leaves, beads and flowers around the gem. Zuni Indian Jewelry involves cut stone and embedded silver jewelry. Whereas Hopi Indian Jewelry is a technique referred to as ” silver overlay”. Sometimes it is designed with symbols and geometric patterns.

    Southwestern jewelry style is a type of Native American Indian style. The Artisans are from New Mexico and Arizona. Usually this style deals with beaded turquoise.

    RANGE OF TURQUOISE JEWELRY

    There is a wide range of turquoise jewelry including southwestern and Native American styles. All of the styles are very popular in modern days. Today’s jewelry market is floated with various kinds of turquoise jewelry. Turquoise bracelets, turquoise earrings, turquoise necklaces, turquoise rings, ladies turquoise watches, gents turquoise watches, turquoise jewelry sets, Hopi & Zuni Kachinas, Southwestern turquoise & Sterling silver Indian jewelry and Zuni, Navajo & Hopi Indian western sterling silver jewelry including earrings, bracelets, necklaces, pins pendants, rings, belt buckles, fetish necklaces, key rings, money clips etc; beaded turquoise jewelry, southwestern Indian rug and so on are available in the today’s fashion market. Most of the turquoise jewelry is handmade original pieces of art.

    Usually, turquoise is sold according to its physical size rather than weight.

    POPULARITY OF TURQUOISE JEWELLERY

    Turquoise jewelry has found a popular place in today’s fashion elites. Everyone from celebrities to models to common people is wearing turquoise jewelry. T.V. actors, film stars, all are fascinated with turquoise jewelry in new age.

    TURQUOISE CARING TIPS

    Turquoise jewelry beautifies the wardrobe of many men and women. But the sensitive gem needs some extra care due to the softer nature than other gems.

    • Turquoise jewelry requires a careful handling .It should be stored in a separate box to avoid rubbing and scratching by harder gemstones.
    • Turquoise should be kept in an airtight box otherwise it will be destroy.
    • Keep turquoise away from chemicals as well as cosmetics such as perfumes, oils, cleaners etc. These will affect the color of turquoise.
    • Keep turquoise away from heat and avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. Because this may discolor or dehydrate turquoise.
    • Clean the turquoise jewelry with mild warm water; then dried with a soft cloth.

    Topaz Buying Guide

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    Topaz Buying Guide

    by shweta

    While selecting topaz, it is better to examine it under the different light sources. As mentioned earlier, topaz are available in variety of colors and these colors are examined correctly under the suitable light source. Colors like orange, pink and red are better judged under incandescent light. Where else blue topaz gives radiant colors in daylight or fluorescent light.

    Topaz is a precious stone suitable for the people born in the month of November. It is known as 4th anniversary gemstone. It carries a special place in all the jewelry items for women as well as men. Market is flooded with sellers selling topaz and it’s imitation. Topaz is a valuable precious gem and costs a lot of money. Therefore, this article is to help the buyer in purchasing the right quality topaz at the right price. It shall provide all the necessary information about topaz like it’s origin, physical characteristics, precautions and also the beliefs associated with it.

    Topaz originates in cavities of granite, rhyolite igneous rocks and sedimentary iron formation composed of hematite and silica minerals. It is also found in alluvial deposits and high temperature quartz veins. These rocks and deposits are found in the mines all over the world.

    Brazil, the land of gems and stones is the main source of Topaz. A place near Brazil’s minas state gives golden topaz for many years now. Usually, topaz occurs colourless or in brown colour. But, few parts of the world offers different coloured topaz. These colours are naturally occurred. Therefore, makes topaz valuable and precious.

    Texas in USA and the Ural Mountains in Russia produces natural blue topaz having pale to medium blue colour. Mexico is the source for sherry stones having orange to brown colour. Mines of Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka gives brown, yellow, orange, sherry, red and pink topaz. Colourless topaz also known as silver topaz occurs in Brazil, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and China. Pink topaz, is very rare and is procured from Katlang area of Pakistan and Russia.

    Colour of topaz is a crucial characteristic to be kept in mind while making the purchase. As learnt earlier, topaz is available in variety of colours. Sometimes these colours are naturally occurred else it is coloured by the colour centers. In this techno savvy world, through technology of irradiation and heat treatment colour centers creates different colours for topaz. For example, colourless topaz is often treated to become blue. Chrome obtained from Brazil is heated and turned into pink colour. Topaz contains chromium that is a impurity, which when heated at about 4500 F produces different shades of red, orange and sometimes violet.

    All these man made colours are durable and retained for the lifetime. However, it is extremely difficult to find whether the colour of the stone is natural or produced through heat treatment process. In order to determine the colour originality of the gemstone and hence it’s true value, the gemstone have to be tested in the specialized laboratory by the qualified people only.

    While selecting topaz, it is better to examine it under the different light sources. As mentioned earlier, topaz are available in variety of colours and these colours are examined correctly under the suitable light source. Colours like orange, pink and red are better judged under incandescent light. Where else blue topaz gives radiant colours in daylight or fluorescent light.

    This transparent and translucent gemstone contains vitreous luster. Thus, it usually possess the clarity. Sometimes, few of the topaz crystals contains certain inclusions that are in tear-shaped cavities. Shades of red coloured topaz consists less clarity than other colours.

    In addition to clarity, cut of the stone is important too. Topaz has perfect basal cleavage, therefore, it is comparatively easy to cut. Often it is cut as elongated stones and gets emerald cuts, elongated ovals, cushions and pears shapes. The pear shape with overly narrow shoulders is the shape that saves the weight of the gemstone.

    Apart from these characteristics buyers need to be careful from the imitations. Topaz is imitated by a varieties of quartz. Natural stones like citrine and amethyst are heated with yellow heat to produce yellow topaz. Mostly, people associate topaz with yellow colour and so end up buying these imitated yellow stones paying the price of true topaz.

    Real topaz could be identified from it’s imitations on the basis of the physical characteristics ( given in the table below ). Topaz is a hard stone having high density and perfect basal cleavage. Sellers use fancy names like Gold topaz, Brazilian topaz, Bohemian topaz, Madeira topaz, Occidental topaz etc for their particular topaz just for adding some value to it. These names do not carry any significance and therefore, one should not get carried away by these names but always be conscious while buying topaz. And always ensure to pay the right price for the right topaz !!

    Price of topaz depends upon it’s colour, carat and stone size. In case the colour is natural and very rare then price shoots up the sky like natural pink topaz is very rare and very expensive. With the huge production of certain colour, the price might get dropped as well, as with blue and brown topaz. The most common color is yellow with a reddish tint, while the most valuable color is pink to reddish-orange. With the increase in carat and stone size the cost of topaz also increases. Like other precious gemstones, topaz should be protected from scratches and sharp blows.

    Large or rapid temperature changes must be avoided such as leaving it in a heater or in a hot car. Exposure to acids, heat or sunlight can alter or destroy the colour of topaz. Jewelry consisting of topaz must be removed while using the cleaning solutions/detergents at home. It might affect the colour of the stone. Inspite of having 8 Mohs hardness and being quite tough, topaz can break into two with just a one blow same as that of diamond. In such a situation, the perfect basal cleavage of topaz also does not help much. Thus, always protect topaz from direct/hard knocks. Cleaning the stone in home ultrasonic cleaner or steamer is not at all safe. The best way to clean topaz is warm soapy water. Today astrologers suggest people to wear topaz with the purpose to bring growth and prosperity. And also to cure few problems related to body and mind. This is not new.

    Infact, it has been practiced and followed for years together in almost all the countries under different names and systems. There are many beliefs associated with topaz around the world. Romans used to connect topaz with the God of sun known as Jupiter. It was believed that this gemstone has the blush of a peach or the amber gold of fine cognac while all the crystal clear browns and oranges among it. Thus, Romans used to wear topaz to enhance and improve the eyesight. According to Greeks, people wearing topaz attains the strength and power to fight against all the odds and also they can become invisible at times when it was needed.

    Topaz was considered to possess a unique quality unlike any other gemstone – it was believed that in the presence of poisoned food or drink the colour of topaz would change to some other colour automatically. It’s was worn by many to cure the fatal diseases like asthma and hemorrhages. Europeans believed topaz has magical powers that brings good luck. It gifts it’s master with faithfulness, protects from bad dreams, calmed passions and acts as medicine to cure asthma and insomnia. On the other hand, the Egyptians linked the golden glow of topaz with strong and powerful Sun- the God. All these associations in one form or the other made topaz very precious & valuable stone. Soon topaz became the part of the jewelry worn to protect against all the evils.

    Properties of Topaz

    CompositionTopaz is nesosilicate having the composition as Al2[(F,OH)2/SiO4.
    Hardness8 ( Mohs) . It is considered quite tough.
    CleavagePerfect basal cleavage ( sometimes has conchoidal and uneven fracture).
    Refractive Index1.609-1.643.
    Specific Gravity3.53  Â± 0.04.
    Dispersion0.014
    ColoursColourless, blue, orange, pink, purple, brown, yellow, red, violet and light green.
    Crystal SystemOrthorhombic crystal system.
    PleochroismStrong to definite.
    FluorescenceWeak
    PrecautionsProtect from direct knocks, scratches and sharp blows. Avoid large temperature changes. Cleaning in home ultrasonic cleaner & steamer is not safe. Best way to clean topaz is wash with warm soapy water.
    SourceFound in Africa, Australia, Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Russia, and USA (Colorado, Maine, Texas and Utah).

    Topaz – How to Identify

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    Topaz – How to Identify

    by Ardamun

    Citrine is mostly, and erroneously, called topaz, though both are two distinct species. Citrine is quartz, and is much lighter than topaz, which is Hydroxyl Fluorosilicate of Aluminum.

    How To Identify Different Topaz?

    Topaz is the hardest silicate mineral and one of the hardest minerals in nature, and a very popular gemstone for jewelry. In the ancient past, topaz was always associated with the yellow color, and all yellow and golden-hued gems were called topaz. Fine topaz normally occurs as a colorless crystal, though other colors, such as pink, blue, green, ‘sherry’, brown, etc are known to occur as well. You will find a variety of yellow gems wrongly being sold as topaz, such as:

    • Smoky topaz – which is actually smoky quartz
    • Citrine topaz – which is citrine
    • Madeira topaz – a citrine quartz
    • Bohemian topaz – which is also citrine
    • Occidental topaz – is also citrine
    • Oriental topaz – which is yellow corundum

    Topaz
    image courtesy: theimage.com

    Citrine is mostly, and erroneously, called topaz, though both are two distinct species. Citrine is quartz, and is much lighter than topaz, which is Hydroxyl Fluorosilicate of Aluminum. Quartz has a Specific Gravity of 2.65 and the Refractive Index of 1.540 to 1.550, whereas topaz has a Specific Gravity of 3,54 and a higher Refractive Index of 1.620 to 1.630.

    True topaz is correctly labeled and some are preceded by two words – Precious or Imperial. Natural color topaz is known as precious topaz and imperial topaz, whereas the Imperial Topaz was the topaz with pink tones which were discovered in the 19th century Russia. Imperial topaz is now mined at the Imperial Topaz Mines in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

    Topaz is an aluminum fluorite silicate – Al2F2SiO4 – and is found in cavities in granite and rhyolite lava rocks, pegmatites, high temperature quartz veins, and as worn pebbles in alluvial deposits.

    The Origin and Colors of Topaz

    The name topaz is thought to come from the Sanskrit word – tapas – which means fire. In 1 A.D. it was thought that the name was derived from the Greek word topazos or topazion – meaning to seek – and which was the name of an island – Topazos Island – in the Red Sea. Today, this island is known as ‘Zeberget’, or the ‘Island of St. John’.

    Clear or colorless topaz is quite common and has little value. Blue topaz, which is very rare in nature, can be made by irradiating clear topaz. Natural blue topaz is very light in color and irradiation produces blue topazes of darker hues. Treated blue topaz is available from very light, to sky-blue, to almost an inky dark blue. These flawless gemstones are relatively less expensive. The pale or clear topaz that is enhanced to produce blue topaz is mined in Brazil, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and China. Blue topaz is often confused with aquamarine.

    The mines in Utah and Mexico produce the reddish-brown topaz. Though not of high value, they are still more expensive than citrine. Pink topaz is quite rare and hence is highly valued and occasionally found in jewelry. It is found in Pakistan and Russia. Pink topaz is also created by irradiating the common yellow topaz.

    Another topaz that is rare is the green topaz, and is highly valued also. The most prized is the Imperial Topaz, which ranges from red-orange to pink-orange color. This topaz normally contains many flaws and is very heat sensitive. Presently, it is mined in small quantities in Brazil.

    The other colors of topaz are yellow, brown, orange, beige, and red.

    The Deceptive Names of Topaz

    Certain unscrupulous jewelers sell other gemstones, with deceptive names, as topaz. The names, such as gold topaz, Madeira topaz, Brazilian topaz, Bahia topaz, citrine topaz, Indian topaz, and smoky topaz are not the names of topaz. These are just names to deceive you into thinking they are topazes.Citrine is also sold as topaz under the names – Bohemian topaz, Madeira topaz, Colorado topaz, Quartz topaz Saxon topaz, Jeweler’s topaz, Scotch topaz, Palmyra topaz, Salamanca topaz, and Occidental topaz. Few more trade names are Hyacinth topaz, Nevada topaz, and Hawaiian golden yellow topaz.

    A variety of quartz are also enhanced and sold as topaz. They go under the name – Palmeira Topaz, Madeira Topaz, Gold(en) topaz, Rio Topaz, Hinjosa topaz, Smoky Topaz, Spanish topaz, Scottish topaz, Topaz quartz Orange topaz, and Topaz saffronite. Poor quality sapphire is also enhanced and sold as topaz. They go by the names – as Indian topaz, Palmeira topaz, Star topaz, King topaz, and Topaz cat’s eye.

    Enhancement of Colorless Topaz

    Topaz is found on most of the continents, with the colorless variety being the most common. Due to its availability in abundance, it has a very little value. The colorless topaz is enhanced either by radiation and/or by heating. The natural blue topaz is of a very pale blue color. Today, a mass production of a desirable and darker blue color is done through electron beam enhancement or radiation of colorless topaz. The most common blue topazes produced by radiation are:

    Sky Blue Topaz – which is a moderately strong light blue topaz resulting from treating colorless topaz with gamma rays from Cobalt 60 or electrons by electron accelerators. The treatment is then followed by heat treatment.

    London Blue Topaz – this slightly grayish medium dark to dark blue topaz results from treating colorless topaz with neutrons produced in nuclear reactors. This process is also followed by heat treatment.

    Swiss Blue Topaz – is a vivid medium, to medium dark blue topaz produced by combining neutron treatment with electron treatment, followed by heat treatment.

    After the electron beam treatment, the heat treatment is carried out at 200ºC for many hours. This achieves strong blue colors. After neutron irradiation, topaz needs a cool off time as it becomes radioactive.

    The common yellow topaz, when irradiated converts to pink topaz. Typically, yellow topaz ranges from wine to straw-colored, and heat-treated yellow topaz turns reddish-pink. Heating is one of the most common treatments for topaz. The process can cause the gemstone to change completely, or either lighten or darken. Normally the heat treatment is irreversible. Heat-treated topazes are widely available in blues and pinks.

    Topaz is not a very expensive gemstone, and with a variety of colors and sizes available can be an exquisite addition to your wardrobe.

    Topaz Mines

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    Topaz Mines

    by Ardamun

    The state of Minas Gerais in Brazil is famous as it produces 80% of Brazil’s gems and minerals. The most important of all is topaz, which is mined around Ouro Prêto in Minas Gerais. Most of the precious topaz and all of the pink topaz mined in Brazil is mined from an area less than 100 square miles around Ouro Prêto.

    Topaz Mines

    Topaz has been used for centuries in jewelry. Pure topaz is colorless, but the presence of various impurities impart it with various colors, such as yellow, brown, orange, beige, red and green. The color of topaz is relative to the proportion of water or fluorine in it. More the water content in the crystals, more yellow to brown the color; and more the fluorine content, more bluish or colorless the mineral. The most popular is its fiery orange yellow color.

    The origin of the name topaz is supposed to be the Sanskrit word for fire – tapas – possibly because of its fiery orange yellow color. According to another theory, it got it name from the Red Sea’s Island of Topazos, where the Romans found a stone, which they called ‘Topaz’, but which later was found to be Peridot.

    Exposure to heat or sunlight is known to cause it to change its color. Sunlight is known to bleach brown topaz, and yellow topaz turns to pink or purplish red on exposure to heat. Blue topaz is artificially created after being irradiated. Though it is assumed that all blue topaz is treated topaz, blue topaz has been found to occur naturally in Texas, and in the Ural Mountains in Russia. A brilliantly cut colorless topaz is often mistaken for a diamond. Topaz is known to occur in Minas Gerais, Brazil; Pakistan; San Diego, California; the Ural Mountains, Russia; Mexico; and the Thomas Range, Utah.

    Topaz Mines in Minas Gerais, Brazil

    The state of Minas Gerais in Brazil is famous as it produces 80% of Brazil’s gems and minerals. The most important of all is topaz, which is mined around Ouro Prêto in Minas Gerais. Most of the precious topaz and all of the pink topaz mined in Brazil is mined from an area less than 100 square miles around Ouro Prêto. The Antonio Pereira Mine is where the Imperial Topaz is mined. The Imperial Topaz is the red and pink topaz – so called because they were used in the jewelry of the 18th and 19th Century Russian Czarinas.

    The imperial topaz mines are largely open air mines, and are said to be the last imperial topaz mines in the world, after the closure of the last Russian mines. The production of topaz at Minas Gerais is very less, but their prices have gone up tremendously since the closure of the Russian mines.

    Topaz Mines in Pakistan

    Pakistan is rich in a variety of minerals, and in the case of topaz, produces various colors, such as violet and pink, golden and champagne. In addition to other minerals, topaz in Pakistan is mined in the:

    * Gilgit district – Gilgi , Hunza, and Shigar
    * Baltistan Skardu Road, Baltistan district – Shengus, Stak Nala, and Tormiq Nala
    * Shigar area near Skardu in Baltistan district – Childee, Kashmal, and Yuno
    * Katlang in Mardan district, among others.

    Pakistan does not produce the natural orange topaz, and the topaz coming out of the Gilgit area – which is generally golden and white – is treated to impart this color. The well-formed spectacular peachy pink and white topaz crystals are glassy clean.

    Topaz Mines in the Ural Mountains, Russia

    The Ural Mountains – from Karski Sea to the Pre-Caspian steppes – stretch out for more than two thousand kilometers! Since the 5th century AD, from the times of Herodotus, the Urals have been known to be a rich source of crystals and precious stones, but it gained renown in the 17th century when many rich deposits of minerals and precious stones, including topaz, was discovered.

    The topaz found in Russia is comparatively much smaller than most of the topaz from other sources. The popularity, though, is due to its natural deep blue color.

    The Blyumovskaya mine, which is also known as 50 Kop or 50 mine, is a rich source of topaz. So is the river Kamenka, located near Koshkar, a known deposit for topaz. Though not of a high quality, the Sanarka River is also a deposit for topaz.

    Topaz Mines in Mexico

    Mineral wealth of Mexico has played a big role in its recorded history. At one time, the most precious and expensive topaz in North America was mined from the famous topaz mine – the renowned Guererro Mine in Mexico. Small quantities of the extremely rare bright pinkish gold color topaz is known to have been mined here. This mine has been closed down for the last 50 years or so.

    Topaz is also found in the state of San Luis Potosí, in Mexico. It is found in the cavities in rhyolitic volcanic rocks. Topaz found here is very pale pink to colorless, or sherry brown. Deeply colored stones found here are known to fade in sunlight.

    The Sierra Gorda hills are rich in a number of minerals, including topaz. The mines in Querétaro are famous for the world-class opal, but topaz is also mined here.

    Topaz Mines in Myanmar (Burma)

    Myanmar is well known for producing nine different kinds of gems, and topaz is one of them. Extraordinary topaz specimens are found in Pantaw, in the Mogok valley of Mandalay, in Myanmar. Mogok has been blessed with a number of minerals, especially the world famous Rubies of Myanmar – formerly known as Burma. Topaz from the mines in Mogok has excellent crystal clarity, and high class gem quality.

    Fine specimens of topaz that can be cut into fine gemstones are found in the Sakangyi and Barnardmyo areas of Mogok. Large colorless topaz, natural blue, sherry, and pink specimens are mined in this region. The natural colored blue and brown topaz fade under sunlight.

    Topaz Mines in America

    Thomas Range, Utah – a paradise for mineralogists – is famous for its topaz, among other minerals. The Thomas Range topaz is popular for its sherry colored crystals. Crudely shaped white topaz is mined in Amelia, Virginia; clear topaz at Devils Head and Pikes Peak, Colorado; large and deeply etched blue crystals at Topsham, Maine; small topaz crystals – in small miarolitic cavities in granite – at Baldface Mountain, New Hampshire; and pale blue topaz crystals in Mason County, Texas.

    Types of Topaz

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    Types of Topaz

    by Ritika Changrani

    The Topaz is a beautiful gem symbolizing love and affection. It can be found in a variety of colors ranging from red, pink to brown, blue and even colorless. A true topaz is known as an “imperial topaz”. The topaz is available in every imaginable shape and size, making it a coveted gem for jewelry settings.

    The birthstone for those born in the month of November, the Topaz is the symbol of love and affection. A true Topaz is rare today. In fact, most people have never seen a topaz. What is available at most jewelry stores is just the quartz or citrine topaz, in other words, glass. In olden days, all yellow stones were called topaz. However, a topaz is available in a variety of brilliant hues and is extremely beautiful.

    The topaz is a very hard stone, nearly as hard as the diamond. It has a wide color range and is very expensive. A true topaz will always be labeled as an “imperial topaz”. Be wary of name like “Spanish topaz”, ” Palmeira topaz”, “Bahia topaz”, “Citrine topaz” etc. as they are all names given to mislead customers – they are not topaz at all.

    COLOR : The gem Topaz is commonly found to be either colorless or brown in color. The brown topaz may fade in color with time. The more popular varieties of topaz are rarer and occur in golden, pink, orange, purple and light to medium red. Most of the colors are as a result of combination of heat treatment and irradiation. The yellow and brown topaz appear so as a result of their color centers. If chromium, an impurity, is present, the gem will appear pink or red. Presence of chromium and color centers give rise to the orange topaz.

    THE BLUE TOPAZ : The blue topaz is commonly found in nature as a result of color centers. It is a fine yet cheaper substitute to aquamarine in jewelry pieces. The types of blue colors that are present in a topaz are :

    London Blue – It is the darkest blue. The lower quality crystals sometimes have a grey tone to it.
    Electric Blue – This is the best color being very blue and vibrant and not as dark as the London Blue.
    Sierra Blue – It is a medium blue, but not as deep or hot colored as the Electric Blue.
    Swiss Blue – This is quite similar to Sierra Blue but a little lighter.
    Sky Blue – It is a pale light blue in color.
    Light Blue – This is pale, and very slight bluish tint.

    CLARITY : A good quality topaz from any source will be reasonably clean. This is why eye – clean gems are possible and hence extremely desirable. The notable exceptions are red and pink topaz, which usually occur as small stones and thus, a higher degree of inclusions may be tolerated.

    CUT : The topaz is typically cut as elongated gems because of their roughly elongated prisms. The common cuts used with the topaz are emerald cuts, cushions, elongated ovals and pears. The pears are often cut with overly narrow shoulders to save on weight. The blue topaz is mass produced due to the high demand and thus is cut in virtually all imaginable shapes and sizes. The topaz is rarely cabochon cut.

    STONE SIZES : The stone topaz occurs in a variety of sizes and may even be enormous. Clean stones of 1000 cts. have known to be found. In fact, monster crystals have been cut to obtain faceted gems of tens of thousands of carats. The “imperial topaz” in orange, pink and red is rarer. Reds and pinks are typically found in 5 cts. or less. The orange topaz usually occurs in 20 cts. or less.

    LIGHTING : In order to examine a topaz, correct lighting is essential. The orange, red, and orangish – red varieties are best looked at under incandescent light. On the other hand, the blue topaz generally looks best when seen in natural daylight or under fluorescent light. It is recommended to minutely study a gem under a variety of light sources before making the final purchase, to avoid any future shocks.

    PRICES : The value of a topaz totally depends on its quality, like any other gem. To simplify things and to give you an idea, certain generalizations can be made. The most common and sought – after variety is the blue topaz. It is produced in large quantities in keeping with the demand. Because of its sheer availability the price of a blue topaz is usually $25 per carat for ring sizes, at a retail store. The larger sizes will obviously be slightly more expensive. The blue topaz occurs naturally, but owing to the mass production of treated blue topaz, the price of the natural blue has dropped down to that of its treated counterpart.

    The brown topaz is available for $8 per carat. The colorless topaz, from which the blue topaz is produced through heat treatment and irradiation, sells for less than $8 per carat and is usually available in sizes upto 100 carats.

    In stark contrast, the “imperial topaz” i.e. the rich orange or golden in color, sells for more than $1000 per carat for the larger sizes (more than 10 ct pieces). The most valuable and hence expensive is the rich pink or red topaz and can be bought for as high as $3500 per carat, at retail prices.

    Keep in mind the above guidelines and you will not go wrong while buying a topaz. Always take time and examine the gem before purchase – its your money after all. The topaz is an alluring yet comparatively inexpensive gem that can be used to great advantage in jewelry settings.

    Opal Necklace Jewelry

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    Opal Necklace

    by Sanjana Sethiya

    Opal just a gem is so beautiful, if it is converted into some exclusive jewelry’s then no looking back for both the buyer’s and seller. Necklace, earrings, nose rings, lockets made of opal are very beautiful and look very stunning. Many go flattered when they visualize Opal necklace.

    Opal NecklaceOpals were first found on earth when dinosaurs roamed the earth. It is as old as the olden civilization. Due to its shine and artistic colors it was used by kings, astrologers and rich personality. Opal was much used by astrologer in order to forecast the future events. It is also termed as an ancient stone. Opal as a gem did not got its importance earlier but pleased to the eyes of the seeker due to its rainbow color. In olden era, Opal had no value. It was treated as a common stone with flashing color. As time passed, Opal importance, value, and moreover demand has raised up to a very huge height.

    For being the only gemstone which has unique ability to reflect and refract the white color or sunlight into all the beautiful colors of rainbow. Opal is a beautiful multi-colored gemstone, which is a bit costlier. Opal is related to crystal cousin’s quartz and agate. Opal is one among the few gemstones, which are formed on sedimentary rocks where water is one of the main elements of it.

    Opal stands for the month of October. Those who are born in this month should wear Opal to achieve success in their respective career/field. One who wore lockets, necklace studded with Opal increases the memory of the wearer and earrings studded with Opal enhances of the beauty of the wearer. So one who wants the combination of both beauties with brains can be achieved by wearing/possessing Opal jewelry. It is always misunderstood gem. Most jeweler’s carry on their business of diamond and gold. And many are not aware of the existence of other gems that are also beneficiary for human kind in various forms. One among them is Opal.

    One question may strike in buyer’s mind. How can we know about a good gem? Whom can we trust? How much does it cost? And the answer is very simple, knowledge. If one want to buy any gem or precious stone, they should first have knowledge about the gem and knowledge of how this beautiful gem translates into market value, which will allow you to buy Opal with confidence. There is a small quotation, “trust thy knowledge, not others”, this will help the buyer’s to purchase authentic and good Opal stone.

    Opal just a gem is so beautiful, if it is converted into some exclusive jewelry’s then no looking back for both the buyer’s and seller. Necklace, earrings, noserings, lockets made of opal are very beautiful and look very stunning. Many go flattered when they visualize Opal necklace. Now-a-days Opal necklace are worn by various people on various occasions. Opal likes to breathe in the fresh air, therefore it can be worn on any part of the body. It even likes contact with the skin. Therefore they can be worn on neck, ears, fingers.

    Opal stone are not found in large and are found only in few places in the world. Australia is the main supplier of Black Opal, which is the famous Opal in the world.

    Buyers should keep in mind the following factors while purchasing opal necklace/jewelry’s.
    1. While purchasing Opal necklace, valuation and identification of Opal should be undertaken. There are various factors’ which will help the buyer to buy the real and good Opal jewelries. They are as under. A) size and shapes of Opal
    B) Color and patterns
    C) Clarity/brightness
    D) Valuing Opal
    E) Types of Opal

    2. Opal evaluation plays an important role while purchasing it.
    3. Opal should be tested in sunlight, if direct contact falls on Opal it produces rainbow color, which is enough to certify/clarify, the doubts regarding Opal.
    4. Different types of Opal are found. Buyer should have a keen knowledge regarding this factor.

    There fore, these factors help the buyer to identify the good Opal.

    While cleaning Opal jewelry’s/necklace, buyer should keep in mind that it should be cleaned only on plain water and no chemical, machines or any other mode to be used to clean them. Opal should not be ever cleaned by glycerin, because Opal contain moister in it, glycerin removes the moisture content in order to avoid this one should be aware of it. Therefore, buying Opal necklace is easy but taking care of it is very easy but one should know about it.

    Opal Facts and Buying guide

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    Opal Facts and Buying guide

    by Shweta Dhanuka

    Its name is derived from Sanskrit word ‘upala’ that means valuable stone and also from the Greek term ‘opallios’ that means colour change. Both these derivations are ideal for this amazing gemstone.

    Opal is nature’s astonishing gift to all gemstone lovers and admirers. It is the heartthrob for many due to its magnificent features such as tender shine, attractive colour play and sparkle. Its name is derived from Sanskrit word ‘upala’ that means valuable stone and also from the Greek term ‘opallios’ that means colour change. Both these derivations are ideal for this amazing gemstone. It is the birthstone for those born in the month of August.

    It is a royal gemstone. When it is said royal it means this gemstone is very much valuable and expensive thus but obvious there becomes more chances of innocent buyers getting cheated. To avoid these probable mis happenings, buyers are ought to be aware about the gemstone.

    Therefore, this article offers the necessary information that would help in the purchase of genuine gems. The facts given here can also be used as the buying guide to evade all the future surprises. Buying opal from internet is not a good option as it is very difficult to take the pictures of the stone. The photographs are quite exaggerating than the real worth of stones offered for sale. Also the colour seems different from the reality. Then always look for a domed gemstone, as such stones are stronger and less prone to break off. There are other characteristics like colour, cut, varieties etc that should be closely studied before handing over the cost of the stone to the seller. These all are conferred one after the other to endow the buyer with necessary details.

    Varieties – This gemstone is available in two different types. These types are differentiated on the basis of colour play.

    Common Opal – Those stones that lack the colour play are common opals. It is also called as ‘potch’. As almost all the people seek opal that exhibits colour play, the value of this type is very less. Only when it occurs as colorless it is taken into some consideration. It is regularly treated to make the stone attractive.

    Precious Opal – Precious opal consists of spheres arranged in uniformity thus it display fine-looking colour play. Spheres are transparent hard crystals that are set within the stone in three-dimensional structure. Thus, when light falls on it, all the spheres produce different colours resulting to rainbow like play of colours.

    Precious opal is found in three different forms and few different varieties. All these are real gemstones only. Forms are classified into three on the basis of the structure while varieties are distinguished from each other on the basis of the colour. First lets discuss the forms followed by the varieties. (From now, the text only refers to precious opal and not the common opal)

    Solids – Solids are one single piece and are very expensive.
    Doublets – It is made up of two pieces and are priced less than the solids. It is cemented with the natural black backing. Sometimes, common opal is used as the backing.
    Triplets – This form is made up of three pieces thus called as triplets. These are the cheapest form. Like doublets it is too cemented with natural black backing and also a crystal cap is attached on the top of the stone to give it a dome shape. For backing purpose at times, common opal is used.
    All these forms are widely used for making jewelry and sometimes for the ornamental use as well. The different varieties can be of any of these forms or might exist in all three forms too for example solid black opal, doublet black opal or triplet black opal. It is nature’s creation thus nothing can be standardized or fixed. There are many varieties of this marvelous gemstone but here we discuss only few important ones.

    Black Opal – It is most-sought-after variety of opal. It is treasure all over the world because in this particular colour, the colour play is displayed at its best. It comes in all deep and dark colour variations. The natural basic black colour highlights all the different colours in the best possible way therefore the colour play are overwhelming in this gemstone. Solid black opal is the most valuable thus, priced very high.

    A variety known as “Andamooka Matrix” looks absolutely same as black opal but lacks in the quality when compared with the natural black opal. Those who cannot afford a genuine black opal can buy this variety as it is priced much less. Buyers should make the purchase only from the genuine and reputable dealers who would clearly mention about the two of these varieties and their respective prices.

    Semi-Black Opal – The body colour in this stone varies from grey to almost black. It gives more of a smoky look. It is easily available in many areas.

    Crystal Opal – It comes in lighter and delicate shades on the top. Many layers of colours are seen in it. All colour variations are available in this variety. Light colours make this stone translucent. It comes after black opal in the priority list of pricing.

    Boulder Opal – It possess natural brown body colour or the back that appears black from the front. It is too available in all colour variations. Often it possesses rolling surface and ironstone inclusions. It can be given any innovative cut. It is ideal for earrings.

    White Opal – Last but not the least, this variety exhibits scattered colours and is opaque in nature. It is also called as Milky Opal and is very economic to buy.

    Harlequin Opal – It is most rare and expensive variety. It comes in irregular tile pattern with black body colour. It looks very similar to that of the widely created man made opal known as ‘mosaic opal’. Buyers need to be vigilant at the time of purchase of this variety else they might land paying the price of Harlequin opal and take away mosaic opal.

    Fire Opal – The basic colour is orange or red, both colours are related to fire thus, this variety is named accordingly. It is mostly procured from Mexico. Fire opal is an opal gemstone in itself and not just an imaginative term used to describe the colour play of any other variety of opal.

    Colour – Amongst all the gemstones, opal is the only one exhibiting all colours in one single stone. The brightness and pattern of colours varies from one stone to another. Every single stone is unique in its own way. The basic colour often referred, as body colour can be black, white, colorless, pale yellow, blue, pale red or gray.

    The colour play means that the stone exhibits different colour mix when light falls on it. With the change in angle or direction of the light the pattern of the colours also changes, thus called as colour play. Varied colours are seen when the stone is slanted or rotated. This display of colours is so exclusive that it is often discussed in imaginative terms like flame opal, lightning and peacock opal, church window and many more.

    Clarity – This captivating stone possess vitreous to pearly luster and is transparent to translucent in nature. It consists of inclusions and flaws just like other semi precious gemstones. These inclusions are the negative trait hence, deteriorates the real worth of the stone.

    Cut – It is a very important characteristic as the beauty of crucial feature i.e. colour play of the stone is dependent on cut. The cut of the stone finally reveal its magnificence. First, the cutters remove the inclusions present in the stone with the diamond cutting wheel then any soft dome shape is given in order to bring out the fine colour play. After the cutting the finishing is done using the sandpaper and finally the polishing is done with the help of wet leather wheel. The jewelry designers and buyers can get the desirable cut or the shape of this striking stone. Oval, circular and round cabochons are preferred most as in these shapes the colour play is displayed at its best. Few other popular shapes are teardrop, square, rectangle and triangle etc. In order to augment the opalescence, solids and doublets are cut and polished with a convex dome or curved top while in triplets the crystal cap is cemented to create the dome so that it covers the plane top of the stone.

    Carat weight – It is found in thin layers, as large pieces are rare in nature. After the initial gemstone processing, it is transformed into many sizes so that it suits the varied jewelry designs and also reaches as many people as possible. Some people have the budget restrictions so they can opt for smaller stone sizes with less carat weight.

    Price – Price is determined on the basis of basic colour, cut, clarity, carat weight and source. Besides these price determinants, the most vital characteristic to ascertain the new value of the gem is the colour play. More intense the colour play more is the cost of the stone. A good cut, lesser inclusions, high carat weight and stone from Australia are zenith of all the factors that increases the value of the stone in terms of money. When these reduce the value also reduces.

    Occurrence – It is a water rich mineral, composed of silica gel. The percentage of water varies from 3% – 20%. It is formed randomly when layers silica rich water precipitates at low temperature in the cavities and niche of sedimentary rocks. Gradually the gel transforms into the stone known as opal.

    The incredible play of colour is exhibited by the gemstone due to the presence of small spheres in the silica gel that causes interference and refraction appearance. Silicon and oxygen chains are packed in the spheres and these are uneven in size and incoherent in concentration. These are set in a compact structures thus, when ray of light falls it dissects the light on its way through the stone resulting in the awesome colour play. As per the size of the spheres within the structure, changeable colours of the gamut are diffracted. With the increase in the consistency of the spheres position, more intense and brilliant would be the colour play.

    Source – The prime source for this colorful gemstone is Australia. More than 90% of the total gem in the entire world’s market is procured from this country. Mexico, Ethiopia, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Brazil, Honduras and few states of USA together contribute to the remaining 10%.

    Grading – Grading for this superb gemstone is done on the two factors viz. colour and clarity. Bright and deep colours along with minimum flaws are graded as finest quality while pale colour with too many inclusions is considered as poor quality. These are the two extreme grades. The medium quality means stones possessing combination of the two factors in medium proportion or one factor at its best while other factor is not so good and vice versa.

    Enhancement – The stone surface is treated with colorless artificial resin to improve the life of the gemstone. Occasionally, the stone is may be re-hydrated with water or special oils to regain its lost opalescence. Unfortunately this treatment does not last for a longer durations. Further, enhanced stones should be avoided because in case of opals no treatments leave permanent change. Therefore, it is better to buy a doublet or triplet instead of an enhanced solid stone.

    Imitations – With the modern treatments synthetic opal is produced that exhibits satisfactory colour play but are much cheaper than the original ones. In case someone cannot afford a real opal then it is fine to buy an artificially created stone but the buyer has to be careful with respect to the price. Few cunning dealers would sell synthetic stones at the price of genuine gemstone. At the time of making the purchase of true gemstone buyers have to be very cautious of the stimulants and also the synthetic stones. Stimulants are poor quality glass or plastics that are stained in bright colours and sold under the trade name “Slocum Stone”. In order to avoid the future shock, buyers must make the purchase from the reputed dealers only.

    Uses – It is extensively used for making astounding jewelry items. Necklace along with matching earrings and rings is quite commonly seen worn by women in all parts of the world. It is gets along very well with diamonds especially the black opal. In most of the designs opal takes the prime position and diamonds are placed encircling it. Metal used can be 18K yellow gold, 18K white gold, platinum and sterling silver. However, for opal jewelry yellow gold is idyllic and it also doubles the power of the gemstone. In conjunction with the solids, doublets and triplets are widely used in jewelry making. At the time of purchasing the jewelry one should check the stone from the back of the jewelry to know whether it is triplet. If it is triplet then at the back the stone the colour would be pale and some colour variations could be seen. Triplets can be identified but it is very difficult to differentiate between the solid and doublets.
    Seldom it is used for making decorative items or for the ornamental purpose. The reason being it is relatively a soft stone. However, cameos and intaglios made up of this stone could be seen in some parts of the globe. Beads are also not very popular.

    Precautions – It is a brittle stone, rated 5.5-6 Mohs on the hardness scale. It certainly demands quantum amount of precautions and care. Being a water rich stone, it should never get dry else the colour play is affected badly and the surface would show cracks. To avoid the dryness in the stone, avoid wearing it on hot sunny days, direct exposure to high heat/sunlight. Its jewelry should be worn more often for evenings and even during daytime in winters with this the gemstone molded in the jewelry receives the required moisture from the air. Besides, this gemstone is highly heat sensitive. One should never wear it while taking bath in hot tub, Jacuzzi, swimming pool, sauna or steam room else it would crack. It should also be protected against harsh chemicals present in cleaning agents and cosmetics else being porous in nature it gets damaged.

    Avoid wearing opal jewelry while cleaning or gardening as soil and dirt might take off the polish of the stone. Also the claws holding the stones in the jewelry gets loose and then develops a probable chance that stone may fall off. Besides, one must keep checking the claws and the setting of the jewelry items from time to time. If it is loose, either the stone can be seen moving little bit or when the jewelry piece is taken near the ear, after slight rattle one can hear the sound of the stone movement. Cleaning should be done with plain water and soft bristle brush. After cleaning it should be wiped off fully with a soft cloth. These precautions are important for the lifetime preservation of valuable gems and its jewelry.

    Beliefs – In past, it was believed that wearing this fascinating gem helps in finding the true love. Also it was considered as an icon of faithfulness and confidence. Women in ancient times used to wear opal to protect their hair from graying. It was largely used for ritual magic. Even in the prevailing era it is still used by magicians to use their powers at the best.
    Astrologers recommend different opals for different zodiac signs. Black Opal favors those having the Scorpio zodiac signs while Boulder Opal suits for those having Aeries as their sun sign. It helps in overcoming the depression in life and diverts the energy in improving the positive traits. It enables the wearer to use his/her brain fully.

    To own an authentic opal one has to put in lot efforts in studying its different aspects. Well spending so much of energy in procuring a real gemstone is not an expense rather it is an investment for the lifetime. Besides, it is worth when opal makes the wearer look elegant and outstanding in the crowd. Hope you agree !!

    Opal Earrings

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    Opal Earrings

    by Nandita Ray

    Opal can be fashioned into any item of jewelry. But the jewelry that really does the opal proud is the earring. Placed on the ear it has the right angle to shimmer and glitter and cast its spell on the wearer and the beholder. The fascination with this stone is never ending.

    Jewelry is fascinating. It not only looks fashionable but it is an investment.. The glitter of gold, the sparkle of diamonds, the deep colors of the ruby or emerald, the different hues of the other gems are always enthralling. One of the most enticing precious stone is the opal. Its power to attract and hold a person’s eyes is magical. Its appearance is dramatic. An opal sitting delicately or dangling stylishly, from an ear lobe, mesmerizes one with its brilliant colors. Not just one color but a host of sumptuous colors, rich deep black, flashing blues, striking purples, flamingo pinks, a rainbow of colors. It is a feast for the eyes. Catch a glint of sunray, the opal flashes out myriad colors. The stone has a natural brilliance within it. It looks luminous. Therefore a good opal is as expensive as a diamond.

    Opal can be fashioned into any item of jewelry. But the jewelry that really does the opal proud is the earring. Placed on the ear it has the right angle to shimmer and glitter and cast its spell on the wearer and the beholder. The fascination with this stone is never ending. Though it can be fashioned into various types of jewelry, the most popular piece of jewelry is the earring. This is because the earring places the opal in an advantageous place. It is here that it catches the glint of sunlight and as a result shimmers and glitters, casting its spell. The presence of silica gel causes refraction of light and the spheres of silica gel acts like a prism and breaks into the different colors.

    In order to bring out the play of colors, the stones are cut and polished into different shapes. Impurities are removed. Sometimes they are covered with a coating of plastic to protect it. When made into earrings, the opal looks smart and attractive. Earrings can be made into studs, knots, hugs, danglers, hoops, prong sets, chandeliers. They can be just opal earrings or can be mixed and matched with either silver or gold. It can be inlaid also.

    Black opal which is the most expensive of all opals is rare. The dark background is the perfect way to display the inter mitten colors. Startling blues, a touch of fire red, burnt orange make it a perfect pair to own. This most desirable of all opals comes from the Lightening Ride, in Australia. Mexican Fire opal is also expensive. Worn as studs it looks impressive.

    Crystal opal is the second best. It is transparent and the color display has a field day. Rainbow colors, violet, blue, pink, a touch of sea green, maybe even a dash of red, make it a very desirable piece to own. It is truly multi colored. The more transparent it is the more expensive it gets. Worn as a stud or in knots or set in the traditional prong set or as a cluster of grapes, this gem radiates not only warmth but looks like the luminous moon at its very best.

    The white opal is opaque. It has different colors too. But it is not very expensive. It is also called light opal. Though it looks stark to the naked eye, under light it has a natural glow, though subdued. The dominant color that flashes out is light blue and crimson. A cluster of opals, a chandelier of opals or inlaid with other gems, complement the opal has an elegance that is understated. An earring looking like this enhances the appearance and makes casual dressing look perfect.

    Earrings made with doublet are very common and not at all expensive. This is because a thin layer of opal is fixed to a dark base to provide sufficient depth to the gem. This is an affordable piece of jewelry. An expression of who you are. Wear it as a stud, a swinging chain, a dangler or even as a huge rock sitting on your ear lobes.

    Triplet is also a common. It is an opal that is covered with a coating. The coating can be either plastic, or a slice of quartz. Since opal is generally a oft stone it is open to bruises. It is called a triplet because the opal which has been already fixed to a base is now covered. This makes it three tiered. Due to its enhanced color, the gem glows and shimmers like an expensive piece of opal.

    Wearing earrings made out of opal is like wearing a Donna Karen piece if not an Armani.

    Play of Color

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    Play of Color

    by Nasrina Parvin Khan

    A well-known Play-of-color gemstone is opal. Opal is an amorphous from of silica (sio2, nh2o). It is made up of sub microscopic spheres of silica with a little amount of water and air trapped in the spaces between these round spheres.

    What is Play-of-color?

    Play-of-color is a unique special optical phenomenon. This phenomenon is usually exhibits by the gem opal. The iridescent color effect in opal described as Play-of-color. Color of rainbow can be seen in gems by this optical phenomenon. But the displayed colors are unrelated to the gem’s own body color. So, we can guess that the structural pattern of gem is responsible for this colors creating optical phenomenon. Due to the structural pattern the light interfere or diffract in gems and produce the color phenomenon named as Play-of-color.

    Play of color in Opal

    A well-known Play-of-color gemstone is opal. Opal is an amorphous from of silica (sio2, nh2o). It is made up of sub microscopic spheres of silica with a little amount of water and air trapped in the spaces between these round spheres. The amount of water in opal may be 3% to 21%. But the precious opals have 6% to 10% water content usually.

    Play of color in opal

    Opal is a sedimentary stone. In the time of formation of this stone, oozing water through the earth dissolved in silicates and become rich. The silicates are deposits as minute spheres when the water enters in a cavity.

    The transparent spheres of amorphous silica and the voids between them form a 3D grating. This structural pattern is the reason of interference and diffraction of light from the surface or the interior of gems. This property helps to display multiple colors as the angle of incident light changes. The openings act as the diffracting gratings, which split the light into colors, and the layered structure creates interference. The passing light through the stone breaks into various colors. So, we can say diffraction of light take place by layers of silica spheres in its composition and it is responsible for the phenomenon play-of-color.

    Shifting patches of spectral colors seen on the surface or in the interior of gem due to the phenomenon play-of-color. Reflected lights from different layers of silicon slightly overlap from sync waves and help certain spectral colors to decrease or remove and reinforce others. So, we get a group of shifting colors that have a trembling on and off effect. The patches of colors moved when the gem is turned around. The effect just like to a bubble with rainbow color, just more dramatic.

    Large openings between the spheres do not allowed the light to bend when passing through them. That is why no diffraction takes place and we get common opal. Random shape and arrangement of spheres also produced common opal. Shape, size and regularity of the spheres influenced the colors seen. It also depends on the angle of view. Uniform shape and size of spheres diffract light and help to produce precious opal. On the other hand, smaller size of spheres helps to see more blue and violet colors. But the spheres must be smaller than 1500 angstroms. More reds and oranges are seen with bigger sized spheres. But the spheres should not be larger than 3500 angstroms.

    Opal gets the name for its special optical phenomenon Play-of-color. The name came from Greek word ‘opallus’, which means to see a change in color. The quality of opal justified by the number of color exhibited by the gems. The most valuable opal is ‘black-opal’. Which has a strong play-of-color. Different types of colors flashed brilliantly by this stone. Due to dark background color it has given the name ‘black opal’. The colors of black opals are black, dark green, dark brown and others. These gems are transparent to translucent.

    There can be seen many other opals, like white opal, crystal opal, fine opal, cherry, water opal and etc.

    White opal is transparent to opaque. It has white background with Play-of-color. Crystal opal has no background color with strong play-of-color. This stone is transparent to translucent and lets the light pass through it unlike others. Fire opal is also transparent with yellow, orange, red or brown background color. It may have play-of-color or not. Fire opal with red background color is also known as cherry opal. Water opal is transparent to semitransparent with colorless background. It has little or Play-of-color.

    The point of color seen in opal due to the Play-of-color is called as “fire”. The term ‘flash’ used to refer sudden play-of color as stone moved.

    Gemologists divided the phenomenon play-of-color in various types, like pinfire, mosaic, flame, peacock etc. A minute, close-set flash of color is called as pinfire. A large, regular, angular, close-set flash of colors is known as mosaic. Sweeping reddish bands across the gem is called flame, whereas blue and green color effect is known as peacock.

    See Also: Color Effects in Gems , Asterism, Chatoyancy

    External Reference

    Play of color info in gemsociety.org
    Color Effects in gems