Category Archives: Gemstones

    Spinel Facts and Buying Guide

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    Spinel Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    Many crown jewels of royal families had Spinel instead of precious gemstone Ruby. One such example is Black Prince’s Ruby set in the British Imperial State Crown has less valuable Spinels in place of expensive Rubies. This was a mistake or a well-planned attempt of the jeweler, is still a big enigma. At the first glance, it is almost impossible to distinguish between the two.

    Spinel is one of the most beautiful and rare gemstone in the treasure of Mother Nature. Its name is derived from the Latin word ‘spina’ that means ‘thorn’ in reference to the pointed shape of the stone. It was found thousands of years ago. Since then it is an important part of jewelry.

    This beauty possesses a secret history. Many crown jewels of royal families had Spinel instead of precious gemstone Ruby. One such example is Black Prince’s Ruby set in the British Imperial State Crown has less valuable Spinels in place of expensive Rubies. This was a mistake or a well-planned attempt of the jeweler, is still a big enigma. At the first glance, it is almost impossible to distinguish between the two. Both these gemstones are very much similar to one another chemically and also in the physical properties. Thus, Spinel is considered as poor man’s ruby. Here we discuss about this gemstone in detail.

    Colour – It occurs in many colours but it is generally identified with bright red colour as that of ruby. Red colour appears due to the presence of chromium in its chemical composition. Blue is one more colour that is treasured most like bright red. Other colours are green, orange, mauve, violet, yellow, purple, brown and black. These colours are the result of different impurities of elements in the composition.

    In the gemstone market, different colours are designated specific names. Orange coloured gemstones are known as Flame Spinels. These are bright orange without too many blackish overtones. Cobalt Spinels/Blue Spinel is the name for intense blue colour. These are highly sought after by gemstone collectors. The name Ruby Spinel is for bright red colour while Rubicelle for yellow to orange colour. Pink to pale red colour is called as Balas Ruby and Almandine Spinel is referred for violet colour. Finally, Pleonast and Picotite are the names given for black and brown gemstone respectively.

    Clarity

    This bright coloured stone possesses vitreous luster and occurs in massive forms. It is found in transparent to semi translucent to opaque state. Transparent stones are usually clean and allow the light to pass through it easily. Eye clean or crystal clear gems are also available. Included crystals are quite common in opaque stones. Fractures are present in translucent gemstones but are not visible clearly.

    Cut

    As it is a well shaped crystal, it is cut brilliantly in almost all the shapes. The beauty of this stone is enhanced in cushion cut. In this cut the cutter save on worthy carat weight. Round, oval and emerald cut are preferred as a second choice.

    Carat Weight

    Red and blue coloured gemstone more than five carat in weight are rare and highly valuable. For finger rings and stud earrings, the intense red transparent eye clean gemstone can be procured having the carat weight between 1-2.5. Weight beyond 2.5 ctw would be difficult to obtain. Similarly, stones of small size are more easily available and can be used for making attractive necklaces with matching earrings, rings & bangles. The carat weight of all the stones put up together would go upto 25 carats. It is better to have smaller size stones in case of bright red and blue colours.

    However, other colours are available in all sizes and weights. For example- pink coloured Spinel in different shades as rough is available below 10 ctw. Similarly other coloures as well can be procured easily upto the 20ctw as rough. After the initial gemstone processing the stones weighing between 4-6ctw are created. With these stones jewelry pieces can be made in attractive designs.

    Price

    This is certainly an affordable gemstone when the prices are compared with precious stone but when compared with other semi precious stones it is little expensive. Buyers need to pay higher price to possess one especially the red and blue colours. Moreover, these days due to rarity in occurrence its prices are increasing. The irony is that this gemstone is more rare than rubies.

    The price for this gemstone is dependent on the colour, clarity, carat weight and transparency. Like any other gemstone, with the increase in the carat weight the price would also increase. Intense and bright colored transparent stone without too many flaws are priced maximum. Transparent red and blue colours are most in demand thus are costly but blue stones are very rare hence, fetch a huge price. Other colours are priced moderately.

    Occurrence

    It occurs as well formed crystals as octahedrons in igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and in contact metamorphosed limestone. Spinels and Rubies are found in the same deposits containing magnesium and aluminum. First spinels are formed in the presence of both these elements. Later when magnesium is exhausted and only aluminum is left then Rubies are formed.

    Source

    First and foremost mine to produce this incredible gemstone is located in Myanmar (Burma) and it continues to offer fine gems till date. Beautiful blue and violet stone are procured from the second major producer Sri Lanka. Black coloured stones are mined in Thailand at Bo Ploi, Kanchanabur and Madagascar. It is also found in Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan, Ontario in Canada and New Jersey and New York in United States. Other countries are Afghanistan, Pakistan, Australia, Italy, Brazil, Sweden, Turkey, Russia, Vietnam and Tanzania.

    Imitations

    Laboratory created gems are sold as Spinel under different trade. Buyers tend to get confused with these synthetic gems, as they are ignorant about the naturally occurred gemstone. Many people are still unaware of the existence this amazing stone. They believe that Spinel is the name given to the synthetic red coloured stone. Thus, they have to know the fact that this is a semi precious gemstone occurring naturally and not a man made stone. Accordingly they should make the purchase.

    Uses

    Since the very beginning, this marvelous gemstone had been intrinsic part of Indian Jewelry. The ancients kings and queens used Spinel in their crowns, rings and other items. It was used as gemstone as well as beads. Pairing with other precious stones like diamond, pearl, sapphires and emerald was common. All the gems used to be more than 50 carats in weight.
    Leaving the past and coming back to present, this fascinating gemstone is used for making lovely jewelry items. Most of the jewelry items are made from 18K yellow gold. Silver and white gold are used less as yellow gold complements the beauty of the stone more. This gemstone is very well paired with diamonds. Beads made of this stone are rarely used due to two reasons- First as the stone is rarely found these days, it is less suitable to make beads out of it. Second reason is that gemstones are preferred more over the beads to make the stunning jewelry pieces after all Spinel is one of the most valuable and treasured gemstone.

    Precautions

    It is very hard and durable gemstone as it rates 8 Mohs on the hardness scale. Therefore, apart from the general gemstone care no other specific precautions are required. Jewelries made using this stone can be worn daily. The stone is hard but should not be taken for granted that is general care is must.
    This poorer cousin of Ruby may not be as expensive, but is equally treasured by the gem dealers and gem collectors due to its brilliant cut, spectacular colours and wonderful durability. Moreover, when same bright colour, attractive beauty and marvelous looks can be acquired in almost one-fourth price then it is definitely wise to buy the semi precious stone instead of precious stone.

    Hope you agree !!!

    Spinel Identification

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    Spinel Identification

    by Erum Qureshi

    A gemstone purported to be a spinel undergoes stringent tests in the lab for authenticity and grades (i.e. quality). It has distinctive characteristics and traits that a gemologist can easily identify.

    spinel courtesy: Orbital Joe

    image courtesy: Orbital Joe
    The mineral spinel produces a lovely suite of gemstones which are overshadowed by the more opulent ruby and sapphire. After ruby, spinel is perhaps the most beautiful of all red gems. Its colors vary from the lightest pink to a deep ‘garnet’ red. A beautiful ‘flame’ orange, magnificent cobalt-blue and a subdued blue-green are also some color varieties of this mineral.
    The derivation of the name’ spinel’ is obscure; its origins lie probably in the Latin ‘spina’, meaning thorn. It may also be derived from the Greek word, meaning spark, so christened because of its fiery red color.

    Species

    Spinel is a gem species by itself and is an aluminate of magnesium. Other members of the spinel group are Gahnospinel, (dark green), Gahnite (blue, dark blue), Hercynite (dark to black), Ceylonite or pleonaste (dark colors), Picotite (dark green to black) and Galaxite (dark red to black in color).

    Hardness

    Spinel is comparatively hard, (rating 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness). It shows an uneven cleavage and a conchoidal fracture and has a brittle nature.

    Determination of Specific Gravity

    Each gemstone has its own specific gravity or ratio of its weight to the same volume of water.

    The specific gravity is measured by immersing the gem (spinel in this case) in a series of heavy liquids, (usually a set of three liquids of varying densities). The gem will float in a liquid of higher density, sink in a liquid of lower density and remain suspended in a liquid of the same density. Although the density/specific gravity of spinel varies from 3.58 to 3.98, gem grade spinel range from 3.58 to 3.61. Pale pink stones have much lower values.

    Refractive Index

    Light rays leaving one medium and entering another obliquely seem to bend a little at the place of contact. This is called refraction of light. Refractive indices for spinel are measured by placing the stone face down in a Refractometer and a reading is taken. The mineral spinel has an RI in the range of 1.712 to 1.80. However gem quality spinel will have a fairly consistent RI, steady at 1.718. In red stones rich in chromium, it may rise up to 1.74. Ceylonites have values from 1.77 to 1.80.

    Absorption Spectra

    The absorption spectrum of red and pink spinel is typical of stones, which owe their color to chromium. In a spectroscope, which is an instrument used to determine the wavelength of the absorbed white light when it is passed through the gemstone, the spectrum is characterized by a broad absorption in the yellow-green, and absorption in the violet. There are no lines in the blue window and faint ones in the red. The wavelength is measured in nanometers (symbol nm) or angstrom symbol ?. The absorption spectra of red spinel (in nanometers): 685, 684, 675, 665, 656, 650, 642, 632, 595-490, 465, 455. (Strong absorption lines are in bold letters; weak ones are in parenthesis.)

    Fluorescence

    The luminescence of spinel shows considerable variation. Natural red and pink spinel show a strong red glow under long-wave UV light, and weaker under short-wave fluorescence. Dark blue spinel are completely inert under any radiation.

    Microscopic Examination

    As with any other gemstone, the final call on its identification and indeed its authenticity depends heavily on its microscopic examination and the ability of the gemologist to successfully differentiate between natural inclusions and those commonly associated with synthetics. Common natural spinel inclusions include ‘spangles’ which are included crystals with surrounding iridescent stress fractures. Other common inclusions are octahedral crystals or cavities filled with calcite or dolomite. Synthetic spinel have inclusions which include gas bubbles with torpedo shapes and long parallel hose-like tubes. Most (but not all) synthetic red spinel display obvious curved growth lines which appear as broad swathes of color.

    Kunzite Facts and Buying Guide

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    Kunzite Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    This attractive gemstone strongly exhibits the phenomenon of pleochroism. Under it when the stone is rotated in different directions it display the intense colour variations. A genuine gem would exhibit deep colour difference when viewed from top and bottom. It can even display two colours or even appear colourless. This extraordinary phenomenon occurs naturally in the stone and is largely dependent on the orientation of the gemstone.

    Kunzite is named after the legendary gem scholar and gemologist ‘George Frederick Kunz’. This stone is considered as tribute to him for his invaluable search for new varieties and new deposits of gemstones across the globe. He worked a lot for knowing the old stories and legends about the gems. This gemstone was first found in Connecticut, USA in 1877. It was recognized in the year 1902 when it’s first mine was discovered in California, USA that contained substantial deposits. It is one of the two varieties of the mineral spodumene, other being Hiddenite.

    It is one of the most desirable stone due to its delicate and sophisticated look. Its incredible colour makes it beautiful and attractive gemstone that everyone wishes to acquire. In order to make the purchase of genuine gemstone, buyers need to have little knowledge about it. Therefore, this article is written with the aim to provide the facts and act as a buying guide for the buyers. All the general gemstone characteristics are covered giving the important information to the maximum possible extent.

    Colour

    It occurs in various shades of pink. Pink is the main colour through which this stone carries its identification in the gemstone trade. However, it is found in other colours as well but all the colours would be of light shades. Those colours are lavender, violet and purple. Pink colour appears due to the presence of manganese impurity in the chemical composition.

    This attractive gemstone strongly exhibits the phenomenon of pleochroism. Under it when the stone is rotated in different directions it display the intense colour variations. A genuine gem would exhibit deep colour difference when viewed from top and bottom. It can even display two colours or even appear colorless. This extraordinary phenomenon occurs naturally in the stone and is largely dependent on the orientation of the gemstone. The orientation of the crystal can be enhanced through efficient cutting.

    Cut

    It is the most crucial characteristic as the entire beauty of the stone is dependent on cutting. Cutter has to give the cut and shape to the stone keeping in mind the cleavage, splintery fracture and strong pleochroism. It is very difficult to cut this stone as it consists of perfect cleavage. It is sometimes real challenge for the cutter to give a good cut to the stone. A good cut is a cut that exhibits the deepest pink colour through the top of the gem. A genuine Kunzite is very difficult to be cut into smaller sizes. It is rarely cut in size with small magnitude. Few common cuts are oval, pear, round, marquise, cushion etc.

    Clarity

    It possesses vitreous luster and is transparent in nature. It is not a clean stone. Almost every stone obtained carries some inclusions. As the stone is transparent the flaws are clearly visible by the naked eyes. Lesser the flaws more valuable is the stone. However, while cutting cutters try their level best to remove the fractures but to remove it fully is next to impossible. Absolutely crystal clear gem is rarely available.

    Carat weight

    For this amazing stone, the colour and pleochroism phenomenon is best seen in large sizes. The ideal weight is 10 ctw and more in which the colour variations are displayed beautifully. The jewelries are made of stones with lesser carat weight as well that is between 2 to 6 ctw. As mentioned above, smaller sizes are difficult to create therefore stone less than 2 ctw are rarely seen.

    Price

    It is one among the few stones where the price is dependent on all the 4 Cs. Deeper the pink colour more valuable the stone is in terms of money. A new and good cut in a stone with fewer flaws further raises the price. Finally, with the increase in carat weight the cost also increases. When all four Cs are present at their highest level then the stone fetches maximum price. Otherwise like other semi precious gemstones it is an affordable stone. Violet and purple colours are set at moderate rates. Enhanced or treated gems would cost very less as compared to naturally occurred gems. The buyers can select the stone that suits their pockets.

    Occurrence

    The major producers of this pink coloured beauty are United States, Brazil, Afghanistan and Madagascar. It is also procured from few other countries namely Africa, Canada, Mexico, Russia, Myanmar ( Burma) and Sweden. It is found in association with other two semi precious pink gemstones viz. morganite and pink tourmaline.
    Enhancement – This lovely gemstone obtained from few specific countries is often enhanced to improve the colour through irradiation or heat treatment process. Improving colour implies to darken the colour of the stone. It is mostly irradiated to enhance the colour. Although through these processes the life of the stone is reduced.

    Imitations

    Many laboratory created stones are sold as genuine stones under the faulty names such as Rose Kunzite or Pink Sapphire and so on. Buyers have to be extra cautious of the synthetic stones while making the purchase.

    Uses

    As it is a delicate stone it is only used for making captivating jewelry pieces. It is also used as a decorative piece on ornamental stone but it is quite rare. The jewelries can be made o 14K or 18K yellow as well as white gold. Sterling silver is also widely used to make exquisite rings, earring and pendants. For any design the stone size has to be more than 2 carats in weight because of two reasons. First reason, in larger size the colour and pleochroism phenomenon is displayed better. Secondly it is difficult to cut this stone in smaller size. Rings and earrings are seen less in the market due to these reasons. However, pendants that hold large stones are very popular and most sought by the females who love to wear gemstones.

    Precautions

    It is rated between 6.5-7 Mohs on the hardness scale. As per the hardness scale it is quite a hard stone but unfortunately a single hit can split the stone into two pieces. Therefore, it has to be protected against the sharp blows and scratches. Being fragile is nature it need to be kept away from sudden large temperature changes and excessive heat else it would deteriorate the effect of pleochroism. It might fade the colour of the stone too.

    Sunlight is very much harmful for this stone. It is already light in colour and any exposure to sunlight would certainly result in fading of the colour, making it colorless. Due to this reason it is also named as ‘ Evening Stone’. Thus preferably jewelry consisting this gemstone should be worn for evening functions and ceremonies. It should also not be worn daily and must be protected from harsh chemicals present in cleaning agents and cosmetics.

    Home ultrasonic cleaner should be avoided rather cleaning should be done with mild soapy water and soft bristle brush. After the cleaning the gems and the jewelry items must be wiped off fully with a soft cloth. Cleaning should be done only once in a couple of years and not on a regular basis.

    Beliefs

    It is said to augment the communication skills of the wearer as it enables him/her to interact better with others. It is believed to relieve the person from unwanted stress, anger and negative feelings. It is boon for those who have failed love affairs or broken marriages as it helps to get over the broken heart. It also aids in medical healing especially lung disorder.

    According to the gemstone pioneers, this evening stone opens the path of spirituality for the wearer. The reason being, it builds a perfect coordination between mind and heart. Moreover, its pink colour is associated with the property of blending the energies of mind and heart. Therefore it is referred as a ‘Stone of Balance’ offering emotional calmness, peace, security, harmony and maturity.

    Kunzite is an amazing stone. It is not necessary that people who are interested towards the path of spirituality should wear it. It makes fascinating jewelry items that make the wearer very attractive and beautiful. It offers elegance and dignity to the woman that sets her apart from the crowd. So want to look different yet charming then try wearing this fabulous gemstone!!

    Malachite Facts

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    Malachite Facts

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    Malachite Properties

    Chemical CompositionIt is Copper Carbonate Hydroxide having the chemical formula as Cu2(CO3)(OH)2.
    ColoursShall always be green. Green shades would vary between light to dark green.
    StreakLight green, dark green, black
    Refractive Index1.65 – 1.91
    Specific Gravity3.7 to 3.9
    LusterVitreous, silky, dull
    Solid StateOpaque to translucent.
    Crystal SystemMonoclinic
    HardnessVaries between 3.5-4 Mohs.
    Heat SensitiveYes
    FracturesUneven to Sub-Conchoidal.
    Bi-refringence0.021
    LuminescenceNone
    SourceRussia, Untied States, Mexico, Australia, Germany, Romania, Chile, United Kingdom, Zambia, Namibia, Zaire and South Africa.
    EnhancementOccasionally done to improve the durability and colour.
    PrecautionsSpecial care has to be taken. Avoid exposure to acids and excessive heat. Protect from sharp blows and scratches. Clean with a soft cloth. To be kept away from the water as well.

    Malachite Facts and Buying Guide

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    Malachite Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    Malachite is procured in huge quantity from Ural Mountains of Russia and few states of United States. Other countries to produce this varied lustrous gemstone are Mexico, Australia, Germany, Romania, Chile, United Kingdom, Zambia, Namibia, Zaire and South Africa. Mine in Zaire is considered to be very important by the gemstone miners.

    Malachite is a green colored semi precious gemstone. It is one of the oldest found green colour gems. It is named after its green colour, from a Greek word “mallow” meaning green leaf colour. This beauty is the anniversary gemstone for the 13th year of marriage.

    It is one of the most widely found minerals on the earth’s crust. However, the purchase of the stone is not simple. The buyer ought to acquire little knowledge about the stone. Thus, this article equips him/her with the necessary information that would help in making the successful purchase of genuine gemstone. To start with, the basic 4 Cs would be discussed followed by vital characteristics that would aid to the know-how about this gemstone.

    Colour

    The primary colour for this stone is dark green. It is available in all deeper green shades for example blackish green. It occurs in many countries thus the green shade changes from one country to another. It contains light green, black or any other dark colored band in it. The bands are mostly in the pattern of concentric circles that are very irregular. According to few experts, bands are the result of some precise changes that takes place in the oxidation states of the surrounding pore waters where the stone is found. They are still working to find the exact reason behind the occurrence of the bands.

    Clarity

    It is opaque to translucent and has varying luster that is vitreous, silky or dull. It is fractured in an uneven pattern. Original form of this stone consists of few holes (known as air pockets) in it. Even the genuine stones would have certain holes.

    Cut

    It is not very convenient to cut this stone, as it is a soft stone but due to its immense beauty it still forms an important part of antique and modern jewelry. New cutting machines have been discovered to cut the Malachite rough. Now it is cut, ground and polished into new shapes. However, common cuts like pear, square, oval, marquise, round etc are always available in the market. These days other than the common usual cuts different animal shapes are more in demand. For the jewelry items it is cut into cabochons and tailored into necklace beads.

    Carat Weight

    As rough it occurs in thick sheets, large inter-linked nodules and crusty formations. The massive rocks after polishing becomes quite valuable. Stones of any carat weight are easily available.

    Polishing

    It is crucial for this stone to be polished. Its original form that is rough contains few air pockets (referred as holes) that are filled during polishing. After necessary cutting the holes are filled with the special paste made from the Malachite pieces. With the filling, the holes tend to become almost negligible. Once the air pockets are filled, the stone is coated with a protective polish in order to make it more durable.

    Price

    Gems consisting dark green colour with concentric circles of light green or blackish green are priced most. Its wide availability makes it an affordable gem. Moreover the price for this stone is dependent on carat weight and country producing it. More the carat weight more shall be the price. The gems from Africa, Zaire, Russia and Arizona state of USA are priced most. Enhanced or treated stones cost less.

    Occurrence

    It is a secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. Secondary mineral implies that it is formed when other chemicals alter copper minerals. This gemstone is formed in two ways. One when carbonated water comes in contact with copper minerals and secondly when a solution of copper reacts with limestone. This carbonate mineral is often found along with other semi precious stone known as Azurite, which is dark blue in colour. Thus, it shares the same properties as that of Azurite. Sometimes, the formation is incomplete that leaves the stone a mix of these two stones and such combinations are sold under the trade name Azurite-Malachite.

    It is procured in huge quantity from Ural Mountains of Russia and few states of United States. Other countries to produce this varied lustrous gemstone are Mexico, Australia, Germany, Romania, Chile, United Kingdom, Zambia, Namibia, Zaire and South Africa. Mine in Zaire is considered to be very important by the gemstone miners.

    Enhancements

    It is occasionally coated with colorless wax to improve the colour and highlight the band. Sometimes it is even impregnated with plastic or other hardened agents to make it little harder enabling effective and efficient use. Enhancements are done with the aim to improve durability and retention of the stone.

    Imitations

    In the gem market, synthetic green colored stones are sold as Malachite. The synthesized stones would possess regular black or white bandings. Buyers need to always remember that original stones would always possess naturally formed irregular patterns. Also they has to be cautious of the trade names viz. Emerald malachite, Blue malachite, Copper malachite and Siliceous malachite.

    Uses

    It is having both consumer and industrial use. It is used as an ore of copper and crushed to make a green pigment. The green pigment is one of the ingredients for the green paint. One of the unique uses of this gem is that it’s fine green powder is used for eye shadows. It is used for decorative purpose as well such as chess sets, jewelry boxes, vases, picture frames etc.

    It is widely used as ornamental stone and gemstone. When a single large rock is found from the copper deposits, it is carved into animal figures or sculptures. This single ornamental piece after polishing fetches a huge amount. As a gemstone it is used for handcrafted jewelry, which is appreciated all over the world. In this variety of jewelry this green gemstone is made more attractive by use of other semi precious gemstones viz. Coral, Pearl, Azurite, Jasper and Onyx etc. It is also used in traditional Turquoise jewelry where similar colored stone instead of competing with each other greatly compliment the other stone. Carvings and figurines of Malachite are also very popular.

    Precautions

    It is one of the softest stone found. It rates only 3.5-4 Mohs on the hardness scale. It is quite sensitive to acids and heat therefore exposure to harsh chemicals, excessive sunlight / heat and large temperature changes must be strictly avoided else the stone might turn into black colour. It has to be constantly protected from sharp blows and scratches. Being too soft it is prone to get split up into two easily.

    This delicate gemstone should not be cleaned in home ultrasonic cleaner. And also unlike other gemstones it can’t be cleaned with the water, as it would wash off the protective polish coated for improving the life of the stone. The Malachite gems, jewelry pieces, carved items etc should be cleaned only with a dry soft cloth. Jewelries should be stored in a separate box lined with either cotton or velvet.

    Beliefs

    It was believed in ancient times that wearing this gemstone in form of ornaments protect the wearer from the evils and witches. Today astrologers associate it with spiritual growth as it helps in overcoming the bad memories and experience that took place in past. It also gives strength to heal the emotional and physical problems. It also develops the intuitive power and helps the wearer to cope up with the changes easily.

    Green colour has always been associated with the negative characteristic ” Jealousy”. But this gemstone that always occurs in green colour brings the wearer close to harmony, loyalty and pious feelings. This green beauty protects the people of all the age groups from the negative energies. Therefore, to get secured fully in every aspect acquire this green gemstone soon. Happy buying !!

    Chalcedony Facts

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    Chalcedony Facts

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    Chalcedony  Physical Properties

    Chemical CompositionThe chemical composition is Silicon dioxide and the chemical formula is SiO2.
    ColoursVaried colours.
    HardnessVaries between 6.5 – 7 Mohs.
    Refractive Index1.543  – 1.554
    Specific Gravity2.65 – 2.67
    LusterWaxy to dull.
    Solid StateOpaque to translucent. Few varieties can be transparent too.
    Crystal SystemTetrahedral crystal system.
    CleavageNone
    Heat SensitiveNo
    FracturesConchoidal
    Bi-refringence0.009
    PleochroismNone
    SourceWorldwide occurrence. Main producers are United States and Brazil.
    EnhancementNot enhanced.
    PrecautionsOnly general gemstone precautions required.

    NOTE – These properties are largely for the Chalcedony as a group name. It is common to almost all the varieties. However, few exceptions would always be present.

    Iolite Facts

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    Iolite Facts

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    Iolite Properties

    Chemical CompositionIt is Magnesium Aluminum Silicate and the chemical formula is Mg2Al4Si5O18.
    ColoursViolet blue, violet, yellowish gray, blue and bluish violet
    Specific Gravity2.53 – 2.78
    Refractive Index1.52 – 1.57
    LusterViterous.
    Hardness7 – 7.5 Mohs
    Solid StateTransparent.
    PleochroismVery high.
    FracturesUneven / conchoidal / brittle
    Bi-refringence0.001
    Crystal SystemOrthorhombic crystal system.
    CleavageDistinct in 3 directions.
    Heat SensitiveNo
    DispersionMedium 0.017
    PrecautionsProtect from sharp blows, direct sunlight, excessive heat, large temperature change. Avoid home ultrasonic cleaner.
    EnhancementNone
    SourceSri Lanka, India, Madagascar, Burma, Zaire, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Germany, Finland, Brazil, Canada, USA and Tanzania

    Chalcedony Facts and Buying Guide

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    Chalcedony Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    Chalcedony is a fibrous microcrystalline (also known as Cryptocrystalline) variety of silica that contains small crystals of quartz. It can be referred as name of the family that has many different varieties of gemstones in it.

    Beautiful, abundant, durable, reasonably priced and unlimited variability are few of the genuine adjectives that describe the gemstone of Chalcedony group. Its name is derived from the name of the ancient Greek town known as Chalkedon in Asia Minor.
    Chalcedony is a fibrous microcrystalline (also known as Cryptocrystalline) variety of silica that contains small crystals of quartz. It can be referred as name of the family that has many different varieties of gemstones in it. Few are recognized scientifically while the remaining ones are yet to be known. After the general characteristics information, the members of this family that are known in the gem trade market shall be introduced to the reader.

    It is found in all parts of the world. It is a compact fibrous structure formed at the time of volcanic eruptions in sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. These rocks hold huge amount of this mineral. All its varieties are porous and vary from opaque to translucent. All these semi precious gemstones are quite tough so are given new shapes and cuts. Almost every gem belonging to this group is very friendly to the pockets of the buyer that means are priced moderately.

    In ancient times, due to its vast availability and brilliant durability it was used for making man made weapons, tools and utensils. With the passage of time, as man became more and more civilized the uses of the stone began to change. Today, it is consumed widely as gemstone and ornamental stones. It is also used for making decorative items and storage boxes like pencil box, jewelry box etc. Large pieces are used for creating beautiful art pieces by efficient carving. Beautiful beads are made that form amazing necklaces and earrings.

    Chalcedony is also used for making commesso. It is called as florentine mosaic too. It is a technique of creating pictures with thin, cut-to-shape pieces of brightly coloured, semi precious stones. Floral and landscape are the main subjects of these pictures. This art was developed in Florence in the late 16th century. Pictures made from this are used mainly for tabletops and small wall panels.

    Varieties

    Now lets know about the Chalcedony group members in brief

    Agate

    It is the most distinctive and popular variety as it consists of varied colour band. The bands are concentric and curved. It is found in abundance in the cavities of eruptive rocks or the volcanic lava. It has its own varieties like Moss Agate, Dendritic Agate, Plume Agate and Fire Agate. These differ from one another due to the change in impurities in the composition like Denditic Agate contains manganese oxide impurities that form the fabrications and so on.

    Bloodstone

    It is dark green coloured stone with bright red or brown spots. Spots can be multi coloured too. It is also called as Heliotrope. It possesses bright shinning and polished look.

    Carnelian

    When Chalcedony occurs in clear red colour and translucent then it is called as Carnelian.

    Chrysoprase

    It is translucent form of mineral consisting apple-green or plain bright green colour. Green colour occurs due to the impurity of nickel silicates or nickel oxide present in the composition. Prolonged exposure to sunlight or excessive heat might ruin the color and it can fade. It is priced maximum among all the members of this family.

    Fossilized Petrified wood

    It is wood that is been transformed into Chalcedony completely. It has wide range of applications of any gem material such as baroque jewelry, carved furniture, clock faces and decorative art pieces.

    Jasper

    It occurs in almost all colours. Most preferred colours are red, brown or green and sometimes it might have streaks/spots of some other colour. It contains impurities that cause heavy pigmentation, which results in the formation of streaks or spots on the stone.

    Onyx

    It is a semi precious striped gemstone with light and dark alternating bands in different colours viz. white, black, grey, red and brown. The colours occur in layers. It is a rich looking gemstone that can be easily afforded by a common man. When paired with pearls it makes fascinating jewelry pieces.

    Prase

    This variety is dull green in colour. These are carved into cabochons and beads like other varieties, making fine jewelry.
    Plasma : It is semi-translucent and occurs in various shades of green. Bright emerald green coloured plasma gemstone is very popular. Sometimes it might consist of small red or brown colour spots throughout its mass. It has been used for years for carvings and mosaics.

    Sardonyx

    It is orange or brown in colour with straight banding of white. Bands are the striped veins that can occur in any pattern. This stone is often carved into cameos or intaglios that are treasured most in Rome.

    Sard

    This gemstone is brownish to brownish-red in colour. It is transparent to translucent.

    Blue Mist Chalcedony

    This is last gemstone variety that belongs to this family of Chalcedony. It is tough, hard and durable gemstone that makes it excellent choice for the jewelry items to be worn daily. This stone always glows amazingly.
    These were all the facts and information about the Chalcedony group and its gemstone members. Now we would through some light on the buying tips with respect to the general gemstone characteristics of this last variety that share the same name as that of the name of the group.

    Colour

    In the gemstone market the colour of this gemstone through which it is identified are blue-white, purple, buff, light tan, gray, yellow and brown. Different colour appears due to the presence of different impurities or some change in the chemical composition. All the colours are uniformly spread throughout the surface of the gemstone.

    Clarity

    It is a massive gemstone consisting waxy or dull luster. It is translucent to opaque in nature. It does contain few fractures but due to its mass the inclusions are not visible through the naked eyes. Any cracks on its outer structure seldom occur. And even if they occur, those are removed during the necessary gemstone processing.

    Cut

    Its beauty is enhanced when cut in cabochon shape. However, it can be given any shape or style. Few common cuts are oval, square, round, pear etc. In modern jewelry this stone is used in new innovative shapes. Different carved shapes are also created like one of the designers gave it a beautiful carved shape of a leaf that looked stunning.

    Carat Weight

    This light coloured stone is found in large pieces. For the jewelry items any carat weight below five is easily available at an affordable price. For rings and earrings the ideal weight is between 2 – 4 ctw. Depending on the design may be one or more than one stone can be used. Further with the increase in the carat weight the price increases.

    Price

    It is priced very reasonably. For this gemstone the price is dependent on carat weight and cut. Clarity and colour are not taken much into consideration while quoting the cost. However, new cuts and carved shapes may fetch little higher price. It is totally dependent on the designer’s expertise art of giving the creative look to the simple gemstone. More creative the work more shall be the price.

    Occurrence

    It is finely crystallized or fibrous quartz found in sedimentary rocks during the volcanic eruption. Almost all the states of United States produce this stone. Other countries are Uruguay, India, Madagascar, Myanmar (Burma), Mexico Brazil and Southwestern Africa.

    Uses

    This beautiful gemstone is widely used for making fascinating jewelry. Rings, earrings, pendants and bracelets can be made of yellow gold, white gold or silver. As it is mostly found in light colours so it is complemented more by the use of silver rather than yellow gold. And white gold being expensive may or may not suitable for everyone’s pocket therefore, is preferred less. Sleek silver wires are used for making fashionable and contemporary jewelry pieces that looks very attractive. However, 14K or 18K yellow gold is also used widely.

    This gemstone is very well paired along with other semi precious stones like topaz, peridot, pearl, tourmaline, amethyst and so on. Bezel or prong settings can be used for holding the stone in the jewelry items, ensure the setting is perfectly done. For pendants spring-ring-clasps are more suitable as it can go in the chains of any width. Beads of this gemstone are also quite popular for different jewelry pieces.

    Apart from the jewelry it is also used for making fancy decorative items like chandelier, boxes etc. It is even carved into cameos and intaglios. And also used for making sculptures. Sculpture made from one single stone is priced more than those made from more than one stone piece. Commesso pictures made from this stone are treasured too much in few parts of the world.

    Precautions

    As such no specific precautions are required but general gemstone care should be taken for the lifetime retention of the beauty of gemstone. Sharp blows and scratches must be avoided. The gems, jewelry pieces and carved items must be protected from large temperature changes and harsh chemicals. The items must be cleaned from time to time with the luke warm soapy water and soft cloth. Clean the sculptures with a soft hand, any force or pressure from hand should not be applied. All sort of rough handling must be avoided.

    Beliefs

    It was believed to develop the emotional balance, stamina, kindness, generosity, responsiveness, receptivity, charity and friendliness. It was considered to heal the physical problems like fever, leukemia, eye problems etc. It has one unique property of balancing the energy of the human body, mind, emotions and spirit. In the gems market it is one of the most collected gemstone due to its splendid durability uses, price, variety and beauty.

    Iolite Facts and Buying Guide

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    Iolite Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    It is a simple stone yet few cautions have to be taken care off while making the purchase of a genuine stone like it should be viewed from different directions to check for the colour and cut.

    Iolite, the name is derived from a Greek word ‘ios’, which means violet. The stone is violet blue in colour thus named accordingly. Dichroite and Cordierite are it’s additional names. It is the gem variety of the mineral cordierite. It is the 21st anniversary gemstone. This gemstone is gaining fame with each passing day due to its splendid colour and moderate pricing. Even few gemstone pioneers have predicted that in time to come, it would play a vital role in the gemstone jewelry market.

    It is a simple stone yet few cautions have to be taken care off while making the purchase of a genuine stone like it should be viewed from different directions to check for the colour and cut. Thus, this article is written with the aim to proffer the buyer with all such imperative information and facts. This content would also act as buying guide that would protect the buyers from all the future shocks and uncertainties. We would begin with 4 important Cs of the gemstone followed by other crucial characteristics like source, use, precautions etc.

    Colour

    The prime colour of this semi precious gemstone is appealing violet blue colour. Few other probable shades are violet, yellowish gray, blue and bluish violet. Due to its attractive colours it became pretty popular among the gemstone lovers. It is also called as ‘ water sapphire’ owing to the soothing violet blue colour.

    The phenomenon of pleochroism is exhibited strongly in this gemstone. Three distinct colours are visible in the same stone when it is rotated in three different directions viz. violet blue like sapphire from one side, yellowish gray from the top and light blue or colorless like water from another side.

    Cut

    Cutting is the most crucial aspect of this gemstone and it is a challenging job for the cutters. Stones exhibit pleochroism to the extreme extent only if it is cut appropriately. One small wrong cut could ruin the entire effect and the stone looses its worth, as then the desired colours on the rotation of the stone are not displayed. Moreover, the colour of the stone is further enhanced with the efficient cutting.

    In order to enhance the colour, the rough is often given a step cut whereas a shallow cut is preferred to lighten the tome. While cutting the stone, the entire concentration of the cutter remains on the trichroism of the stone. It is cut into all traditional shapes like square, round, oval, marquise, rectangle, emerald and trillion cut etc. With increasing demand, now jewelry designers are trying to give more innovative styles and shapes to this gemstone.

    Clarity

    This beautiful gemstone possess vitreous luster and is transparent in nature. Generally this is a clear stone. However, there always exists a possibility of the presence of inclusions in the crystal. Only difference lies that few stones would be eye clean while some would carry less or minute flaws. There can be a probability in some stones that inclusions cause cat’s eyes and stars, although these are quite weak.

    Carat weight

    It occurs in medium sizes as rough. Carat weight between 1-5 ctw is ideal for the jewelry items. More than 5 ctw and less than 8 ctw is also available but relatively at higher price. Gemstones more than 8 carat weight is rarely found. The phenomenon of pleochroism is displayed best in higher carat weight stones. Conversely, the minimum weight of the gem to see this property clearly is 3 ctw.

    Price

    Wide occurrence makes this fascinating gemstone quite affordable. The price is determined on the basis of colour concentration, pleochroism displayed, cut, clarity and carat weight. Out of these five criteria colour, intensity of pleochroism and cut matters most. Rich violet blue colour is valued most. The stones exhibiting higher intensity of pleochroism in a brilliant cut are priced maximum. And finally with the increase in clarity and carat weight of the stone the cost shall also increase. These criteria’s would create different pricing for different stones. But on a broad spectrum this stone is priced moderately that is within the reach of the common man having the descent budget for the gemstone buying.

    Occurrence

    It is a complicated Magnesium Aluminum Silicate. This is a blue silicate mineral found in igneous rocks in form of crystals or grains. It is formed due to the contamination of magma by aluminous sediment. Or the magnesium in the chemical composition is in some measure substituted by ferrous iron and manganese and the aluminum substituted by ferric iron in very less quantity. This makes constants for iolite moderately variable.
    Source – The prime sources of this eye-catching gemstone are Sri Lanka, India, Madagascar and Burma. Zaire and Tanzania are countries considered next as the major producers of the gems. It is also procured from the mines of few other countries namely, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Germany, Finland and Brazil. Few parts of Canada and United States of America also give good yield of this gemstone. In earlier days it was mined from Norway and Greenland but those mines are completely worked out.

    Enhancement and Imitations

    – This gemstone is not enhanced by any method till date, as its natural colour itself is fantastic and stunning. And also any kind of treatment might trash the effect of pleochroism. It being an affordable stone and relatively a new gem, there are no imitations sold in the market at the moment. However, if it gains wide acceptance then in future due to high demand and low supply there could be a possibility of imitations being created just like other precious and semi precious gemstones.

    Uses

    In ancient times, Viking mariners used this violet beauty as a secret gem weapon as polarizing filter. It was also used as polarizing lens by them for navigation purpose and for determining the correct position of the sun. They could securely enter the new places and make a safe come back using Iolite compass. At present, apart from the usual use as gemstone it is used as semi-refractory material on account of its resistance to thermal shock.

    Earrings, rings, pendants and bracelets possessing Iolite gems are creatively and innovatively designed. All these jewelries are made up of sterling silver and 14K or 18K yellow gold. Platinum and white gold are also used but comparatively little less than other two mentioned metals for this gem jewelry. The reason being that the worth in terms of money of these white metals and gem is incompatible. It is very well paired with diamonds and also with other semi precious stones like moonstone, pearl, Peridot, opal and so on. Hand crafted jewelry is also gaining recognition among the females across the globe.

    Precautions

    It is rated 7-7.5 Mohs on the hardness scale. This hardness makes the gem a tough stone yet it needs to be protected from the sharp hits and blows else it might split up into two. Further the jewelry holding this stone should be protected from direct sunlight, excessive heat and large temperature changes, as too much exposure to these would certainly deteriorate the unique phenomenon of pleochroism. Also cleaning in ultrasound home cleaner should be avoided and only mild soapy water should be used for cleaning. After cleaning with water, ensure to wipe it off completely that not a trace of moisture is left behind. Gems and its jewelry must be stored in a separate jewelry box lined with either cotton or a soft cloth like velvet.

    Beliefs

    It is believed that the possessor of this gem leads to successful management of money and is free from all sorts of debts. He/she if wears the gem in any form, they would understand and know themselves better. It is considered as a useful aid to abolish the cacophony in the relationships. From the medical aspect, it is trusted to enhance the precision of vision.

    It is quite alike to precious gemstone ‘ Sapphire ‘ and semi precious gemstone ‘ Tanzanite ‘ but is not expensive as these two because it is found in huge quantity. Due to its similarities to these valuable gemstones, affordable pricing and dazzling colour it would soon unquestionably hit the gemstone market in a giant way. Thus, plan to acquire this incredible gemstone or its jewelry today, before it is too late!!

    Carnelian Facts and Buying guide

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    Carnelian Facts and Buying guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    This stone is time-honored due to many overwhelming links from the past. This is a semi precious gemstone but in good olden days it was regarded similar value like precious stone. It was austerely restricted only to the elite class of the society.

    Carnelian is one of the members of chalcedony family. It is also called as Cornelian. It was a sacred stone for Egyptians and Tibetans. This stone is time-honored due to many overwhelming links from the past. This is a semi precious gemstone but in good olden days it was regarded similar value like precious stone. It was austerely restricted only to the elite class of the society. This was allied with the people belonging to the top of the hierarchy in terms of financial power and authority. After dying, individuals from this community were buried with this high valued gem.

    As it is associated with awe-inspiring fiction that could be a truth many people plan to acquire this astounding gemstone. Consequently, the demand goes up and some dealers plan to betray the innocent buyers with poor quality stones. Hence this article is written to acquaint the buyer with facts about Carnelian. The below text provides the information that would help in knowing the gemstone better. First the 4 Cs are conferred followed by source, price and other related attributes.

    Carnelian Colour

    It is mainly found in varied shades of intense red to reddish orange. Red is main colour but it consists of various mix colour shades red-orange and red-brown. The existence of iron impurities in the chemical composition gives red colour to the stone. These impurities are present in form of iron oxide/hematite. The genuine gemstone possess colour that glows in presence of any light source.

    Carnelian Clarity

    It holds dull luster. The transparency state of this lovely gem is translucent thus; due to its mass the inclusions present within the stone are not visible through the naked eyes. As rough it contains fractures and cracks on its outer surface. These are removed during the initial gemstone processing.

    Cut : This remarkable stone is firm and sturdy therefore it is easy for gemstone cutters to give any desired shape. However, the most universal shapes seen in regular jewelry is either smooth oval or round. Usual shapes like square, marquise, emerald and many other creative shapes can be created but are not commonly seen. All these shapes are distinctive but do not highlight the beauty of the stone as oval or round.

    Carat Weight : Large size of this gemstone looks wonderful in rings, pendants and stud earrings. It is regarded as precious stone but is priced as semi precious stone therefore high carat weight single stone could be selected. This stone below 1 ctw is rarely available. Mostly the size of stone selected for diverse jewelry items falls between 2-5 carat weight. Higher the carat weight more becomes the cost of the gem.

    Carnelian Price

    It is found in abundance in several parts of the world. The copious quantity makes this as an affordable gem. The main price determinants for this gemstone are colour, carat weight and country. Bright red colour is valued most followed by reddish orange and other colours. As mentioned, with the increase in carat weight price also increases. Lastly, supplier country plays a role in deciding the price. Gems from India and beads from Madagascar are of premium quality that are most sought after. This is the reason why the price increases if these countries furnish the buying items. Clarity and cut are 2 Cs that are important to consider when making the purchase but does not affects the price.

    Occurrence: It is micro-crystalline quartz. It is found deep inside the sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. During the volcanic eruption when lava burst these rocks are formed holding this compact fibrous structure. Rocks contains large amount of this chalcedony variety as rough, due to which the stone becomes reasonably priced.
    Source : It was first discovered from Arabia and Egypt deserts. At present, India is the prime source of this enthralling gemstone. The stones obtain from India are mostly bright in colour and requires no enhancement. Madagascar comes second as the important source. Fine beads reddish brown or reddish orange in colour are best obtained from this country. Few states in South America also produce fine quality gems possessing rich reddish orange tinge. Australia, Brazil, China, Scotland, West Germany, Colombia, Saxony, Russia and few part of Africa are some more countries contributing to the world’s total Carnelian supply.

    Enhancements: This splendid gem is often enhanced to improve its colour. The stones that are light in colour are heat treated to attain the bright red orange hue. Dull and pale stones are sporadically dyed to acquire the intense colour. Buyers should always ask the dealer to specify whether the stone owes its colour to treatments or is natural. The International Gems Organization accepts the different treatments performed to enhance the beauty of the stone but selling enhanced stone at the cost of natural stone is against the law.

    Carnelian Imitations

    :Many beliefs are associated with this semi precious gemstone making it’s demand very high. With the modern techniques artificially synthetic stone are produced and sold under different fancy names. Even pale pebbles are stained in deep reddish orange colour. It is common practice of cheats to stain poor quality agate and sell the same at the price of a original Carnelian. Buyers need to be cautious while making the purchase. They should be careful against the illusion of fancy names and attractive offers. Few common trade names for this stone are red agate, red chalcedony and red quartz. In order to keep away all future distress, the credibility and reputation of the seller should be ensured before making any purchase from him. These days International Gemstone Organization certifies the dealer for their reliability. These dealers are liable to give written certificates mentioning the authenticity of the purchase made by the buyers.

    Uses : It is widely used for making exquisite jewelries. Yellow gold of 14K, 18K or 21K is mostly used for making all the jewels. Sterling silver is yet another metal utilized for making striking items. These two metals are regularly used for crafting the necklace, pendants, earrings, rings and so on. Platinum, white gold and palladium are very expensive metals therefore are seldom used. The reason being, cost of these high cost metals does not complement the net worth of the stone.

    Carnelian Jewelry for Men

    Finger ring is the only carnelian jewelry item for men popular around the world. Single stone in dark brown orange hue in oval shape is ideal for rings made up 18K or 21 K gold. The beauty of the rings is augmented with the large size stone. The minimum size of the stone should be between 2-4 ctw however; higher carat weight could be selected as suitable to one’s pocket.

    Carnelian Jewelry for Women

    Jewelry varieties for women is like a vast ocean that contain unlimited and never ending water. These are diverse forms of items that are created for women like necklace, rings, earrings, bracelets, bangles and so forth. All these could be created using either the gemstone or beads. Carnelian beads are also very much accepted. Handmade bracelets, chains and earrings with beads are very attractive. The size of bead could vary from as small as 2mm to as large as 12mm. It is even paired with beads of other stones like jade, turquoise etc. It all depends on the design. One should always make sure to restring the beaded jewelries after some time as the old string might break due to regular use. Similarly, stones are used making lovely ornaments. Single stone more than 2 carat weight offers the magnificent look to the jewels. It has its own exclusivity therefore pairing with other stones is relatively less common.

    Other than jewelry, it is widely used for making eye-catching cameos and intaglios. The carving done on this stone looks wonderful due to its deep red colour. Further, as it is translucent in nature the carved design is emphasized to its best. Italy is the main source for finest artwork made from Carnelian same as other gemstones.

    Precautions: It is rated 7.0 Mohs on the hardness scale. The good hardness rate makes it ideal for daily wear jewelry, as it does not require special care. Only general gemstone care is sufficient as it certainly seeks some attention. Relatively being a sturdy stone, it must be stored in separate jewelry box. It is durable yet a sharp blow or hit could lead to unwanted cracks. Once the stone is cracked it would certainly brake in next few days. Thus, it is very important to be watchful from hard blows.

    Beliefs : Egyptians had a strong conviction that this gemstone seizes special supernatural powers. Therefore, they used to wear it as amulets so that after death the soul easily leaves the last life and goes into the new. Due this reason many Egyptian tomes had carnelian stones engraved. Europeans used to wear it for good luck, hope and material comforts. Greeks and Romans used to wear it in signet rings to get the shield against sin. Indians and Tibetans also believed that it has special powers related to life after death.

    It is believed to proffer the owner with energy and strength at the time of illness. Strength is regained after sickness by eating right kind of food. Therefore, it is suggested to wear this stone in finger ring as it improves the appetite. This trait of the gem makes it an energy booster for its possessor. It is also said to ward off the bad vibrations as well as negative thoughts. It is also supposed to be a boon from the purpose of health problems. It is alleged to stop bleeding and heal the wound. It also helps in blood purification. Today astrologers suggest people to wear this fascinating gemstone to control the anger and develop more patience. It aids in developing good sense of humor thereby bringing joy and happiness. The most important faith associated with this gem is that it safeguards its owner against poverty.

    Carnelian gemstone is certainly only one of its kind. Like all other gemstone jewelries it too enhances the beauty of the wearer but most extraordinary characteristic is that it acts as a faithful guard for health and wealth of its owner. It undoubtedly is an energy booster in each and every aspect. Noble families in ancient times were smart to confine this multifaceted stone exclusively for their community, No such restriction subsist nowadays so try your luck and get hold of this versatile gem today. What say !!

    Carnelian  Physical Properties

    Chemical CompositionThe chemical composition is Silicon dioxide and the chemical formula is SiO2.
    ColoursDeep red, reddish orange, reddish brown.
    HardnessVaries between 6.5 – 7 Mohs.
    Refractive Index1.543  – 1.554
    Specific Gravity2.65 – 2.67
    LusterWaxy to dull.
    Solid StateTranslucent.
    Crystal SystemTetrahedral crystal system.
    CleavageNone
    Heat SensitiveNo
    FracturesConchoidal
    Bi-refringence0.009
    PleochroismNone
    Optical CharacterUniaxial
    EnhancementHeat-treated to improve the colour.
    PrecautionsOnly general gemstone precautions required.
    SourceIndia, South America, Madagascar, Australia, Brazil, China, Scotland, West Germany, Colombia, Saxony, Russia and few part of Africa