Star Sapphire

    Star Sapphire

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    Star Sapphire

    by Nasrina Parvin Khan

    A good Star Sapphire should be eye clean and have velvet like softness, as opposed to diamond like transparency.

    INTRODUCTION OF STAR SAPPHIRE

    Sapphire- the heavenly stone of this Earth is one of the most precious stone among the gems.

    Sapphire is the single crystal form of Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), a mineral known as corundum. The heat and the pressure depths of the ground help the pure Aluminium oxide to crystallize into beautiful and splendid white gemstone since the age. Small amounts of other elements such as chrome and iron are the reason to turned this white crystal into colorful. Sapphires available in sky blues or sunset colors. The color of sapphires may be blue, red, yellow, pink purple, orange or greenish color.

    Rubies are also part of corundum group. There was a debate which stone may be termed as a sapphire for long years. Finally it was decided that ruby-red sapphires would be “Rubies” and all other colors would be “Sapphires”.

    Though sapphires are available in various colors, but the most popular color of sapphires is blue.

    When we talk about sapphires, most people will think about blue. Sapphires other than blue are known as ‘fancy’. So fancy sapphires referred to yellow, pink, purple, green, black or white sapphires.

    The most important characteristic of sapphires is its excellent hardness. Moh’s scale shows the hardness grade 9. The hardness of sapphire placed with ruby just after the diamond. Sapphires are easy to care and handle because of their great hardness.

    Usually sapphire occurs in sedimentary limestone, metamorphic marble, and igneous basalt, pegmatite or andesine dikes. Naturally corundum mined from secondary alluvial deposits and rarely from primary deposits.

    There are various kinds of sapphires, like- “Blue sapphires”, “Fancy sapphires”, “Padparadsha”, (means lotus flower)-an orange color variety of sapphires with a fine pinkish undertone and very unique “Star Sapphire”.

    BLUE SAPPHIRES

    The main color of sapphires is blue. It is the most popular color of sapphires also. In the ancient time, every blue gem material was called sapphire. As for example we can say the name of Lapis lazuli. So, the name “Sapphire” derives from the Greek word ‘Sappheiros’, which means blue.

    Blue is the most desired color of sapphires. This gems available in all the shades of blue skies, from the deep blue of evening skies to the bright and deep blue of a clear and wonderful summer sky. Blue fascinates all the people. Actually blue is the favorite color of about 50 per cent of the population in this World. This color has a strong association with emotions such as sympathy and harmony, friendship and loyalty. These emotions represent anything permanent and reliable. So, the sapphire blue has become the color of permanent and reliable things. Thus the women in many countries decide on sapphire for their engagement rings.

    STAR SAPPHIRE

    Star SapphireMost of the blue sapphires are found in the form star sapphires. Star sapphire is a variety of sapphire that shows a star like special optical phenomenon named as “asterism”.

    It is a rare variety of sapphires. Nearly 3 stars are discovered in every 100 faceted corundum mined. Though Star Sapphires are more common than the Star Ruby. But finer colored stone with fine star is very rare. Except blue, star sapphire is also available in black.

    “Asterism” is a phenomenon by which a star shaped light effect has been shown across the surface of the gem through the reflection or transmission of light.

    Star Sapphire is one of the most popular star gems, which shows an illuminated, wavy star bellow the surface of the crystal.

    Usually Star Sapphire shows the six legged star effect. But it can shows four to twelve rays depending on the crystal system of the gems. Twelve rays star effect in sapphire is very occasional.

    WHAT CAUSES STAR EFFECT

    Star effect or “asterism” is caused by the dense inclusions of tiny fibers of foreign particles in gems. Generally, these inclusions are the reason of the reflection of light and form a wavy star like formation, which moves around when the mineral is rotated. All the inclusions in the gem are form via exsolution.

    Solid crystal inclusions found within the corundum sapphire. Some sapphires leave holes or empty areas in the host, which filled with liquid, gas or solid. Reflection creates from fibers or fibrous cavity in the crystal.

    The inclusions must be long, very thin needle like which called as ‘rutile’. “Asterism” is produced when the light is concentrate into 3 rays that intersects at right angles to the direction of the needles. Thus we get a six-rayed star. Small needles of rutile sometimes called ‘silk’ are oriented inside the minerals in the direction of the crystal growth system. There is relationship between the gem’s growth and the number of rays produced by the reflected light.

    The arrangements of needles in a hexagonal pattern produced six-rayed ‘asterism’.

    Exsolved inclusions form a pattern in the host mineral to form a star. This pattern remains same in case of sapphire. The rays of star should cross at the top of the sapphire and must be distinct.

    QUALITY OF A STAR

    The sharpness and the size of the star in sapphire depend on the quality and quantity of rutile needles. We get a better star in sapphire when the rutile packed more densely. Longer needles also produce a better star than the tiny particles. When the quantities of needles are much more, sapphire turned into a low translucent stone and lack ‘asterism’. It also harms the color of sapphire.

    CUTTING OF A STAR SAPPHIRE

    Cutting is very important to exhibit the star effect in sapphire. Proper cutting helps to extracts the beauty of the gem. To display the star effect in best way, a sapphire must be cut as cabochon with the girdle, parallel to the needles. Medium to high cabochons need to be cut to get a perfect star in sapphire. The domed must be round or oval shaped.

    COLOR OF STAR SAPPHIRE

    Generally Star Sapphires are available in blue. But other colors can also be seen. The color of ruby is red. Star Sapphires are also available in black, purple, and grey and so on. Varieties of blue colored Star Sapphires are found. Star Sapphires from Sri Lanka are light blue or grey.

    VALUE OF STAR SAPPHIRE

    The carat weight is not the only factor that decides the value of a star sapphire. It also depends on the body color, intensity and the visibility of the star as well as the strength and sharpness of the star. All six legs of the star should be straight and prominent.

    Heat treatment is always used to produce, intensify or lighten color or improves color uniformity and appearance of blue sapphire. But some people preferred untreated, natural stone.

    A good Star Sapphire should be eye clean and have velvet like softness, as opposed to diamond like transparency.

    The market value of a sapphire is also depends on its origin. Sapphires mined from Sri Lanka are the most valuable.

    OCCURRENCE OF STAR SAPPHIRE

    Finer qualities Star Sapphires are found in Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Brazil, Cambodia, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Pakistan, Rhodesia of Zimbabwe and Montana and North Carolina of US. But the best quality Star Sapphires are available in Sri Lanka.

    FAMOUS STAR SAPPHIRE

    The most famous and largest cut star sapphire is 543-carat “Star of India“. The “Mid night Star”- a black sapphire is also famous one. Both of these Star Sapphires are housed at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. 330-carat “Star of Asia” at the Smithsonian is another famous Star Sapphire in the world..

    Diamond Reset

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    Diamond Reset

    by Shweta

    It is usually seen that diamond rings are passed from one generation to other. In this case, it is totally one’s emotions whether to reset the diamond from the old ring into a new ring or a pendent or any other jewelry piece. People by and large do not go in for the reset of family heirloom diamond unless there are some apparent reasons.

    Diamond remains beautiful and sparkles forever. Its charm enhances with the passage of time. Once the diamond is acquired it is almost impossible to part with it. However, with the changing fashion trends and style, damage, repair or further enrichment in design it is possible to reset the diamond from one jewelry piece to other.

    Diamond ResetIt is usually seen that diamond rings are passed from one generation to other. In this case, it is totally one’s emotions whether to reset the diamond from the old ring into a new ring or a pendent or any other jewelry piece. People by and large do not go in for the reset of family heirloom diamond unless there are some apparent reasons. Sometimes, because of obvious reasons like setting smash up or ring size issues the gemstone has to be reset. Also, it is very common to see that after divorce females tends to go for diamond reset as they don’t wish to keep any memories from their past relationships. They cannot let the diamond go so they reset the precious stone in pendent changing into a totally new jewelry piece having no reminiscences of the previous marriage. With the help of modern technologies it is possible to reset the diamond into any other jewelry piece without causing any damage to the precious gem. It is completely one’s own personal decision to whether reset the diamond or not.

    Diamonds are valuable hence; need to be handled very carefully. Prior to changing the jewelry by diamond reset, it is crucial to first put in deep thinking as what change is required and why? For example- Place colored precious gemstones around the diamond giving it a more splendid look or change the yellow gold setting with white gold or platinum to give more enhanced glance to the stone. Also it might be the case where the present setting is uncomfortable, the gemstone knocks against everything that comes into contact and the wearer has the fear of cracks to appear on the precious stone with the continuous knocking. If the diamond size is more than one carat then only it is suggested to go in for the resetting else it is not worth the cost and risk involved in it. This analysis of facts and thoughts shall enable in taking the right decision as whether to reset the diamond or not and the purpose behind the reset would be achieved or not.

    Once the firm decision is made to reset the diamond then there are certain essential steps to be implemented. The first and foremost step is to look for the reliable jeweler who would do the changes in the jewelry pieces. While selecting an individual or company for diamond reset ask for the reports that give the precise details about the diamond like the color, inclusions, carat weight, size and flaws etc. These specifications would act as proof that the gemstone is the same in the new jewelry piece. Also lab report must be taken to ensure the reliability of the jeweler. It is very important to acquire these bona fide documents before handing over the precious stone.

    Second step involves asking for the information about the gemstone.

    • Where shall be the resetting done?
    • In case it is to be sent to some other location then what is their respective reliability?
    • While the diamond is in the jeweler’s possession, is it insured for theft or any other damage?
    • The know-how, skill and certification of the individual who shall do the required changes with the stone?
    • How much time it would take to get the new jewelry piece with the reset diamond?
    • Have any other diamond resetting done in the past or going on in present?
    • How the resetting is done? The clarity and frankness in the answers of these questions could explain the credibility of the jeweler.

    These two steps would help in knowing the jeweler and his motives. In case the jeweler is not willing to answer these questions or give the required documents then surely he is not the right person. His credibility is doubtful. Hence, it would be wise not give him the precious diamond for resetting. If he is truthful and his intentions are clear then he would provide all the asked information and also shall explain the process of diamond reset noticeably well to his clients. He would also suggest the best designs depending upon the choice of the wearer.

    Third step is to select the suitable new design. Any design selected must have the prong setting. This is the ideal setting as with prongs around the solitaire makes it safe and well placed. Always make sure that prongs are adequately long to hold firmly the girdle of the diamond. From all four sides the prongs must be tightly held against the gemstone. Stone more than one carat weight is valuable and expensive thus its safety in the design setting is very important to be considered.

    The last fourth step is to check the finished jewelry. Once the final ring or pendent or any other selected jewelry piece is handed by the jeweler after the diamond reset check for the setting carefully. Use the magnifying glass to make definite that the precious gemstone is placed with the accurate side up and is in level within the prongs. Then tally the diamond specifications with the details mentioned in the report (the same report jeweler gave before taking the diamond for reset). This is to ensure that the diamond in new design is the same.

    Diamond reset is the mode of maintaining the interminable beauty always in accordance with the fashion. However, style and trend keeps changing with time. Umpteen efforts must be taken before deciding for stone resetting because no damage should be caused to this precious gemstone because “Diamond is the everlasting asset”.

    Complete guide for Rockhounds

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    Complete guide for Rockhounds

    by Ritika

    Here is a bird’s eye view on the ever-popular hobbies of the Americans – Rock hounding. The aim of this article has been to throw light on the various important aspects of rock hounding like the seasons and time that are best suitable for rock hounding, cost, tools and equipments required for rock hounding, a peek into the history of rock hounding and last but definitely not the least, some of the major regional attractions for rock hounding. We aim at providing our readers a set of guidelines for safe, legal and responsible rock hounding. The tips provided here may be greatly helpful for our rock hounders to ensure they have successful outings.

    Summary: Here is a bird’s eye view on the ever-popular hobbies of the Americans – Rock hounding. The aim of this article has been to throw light on the various important aspects of rock hounding like the seasons and time that are best suitable for rock hounding, cost, tools and equipments required for rock hounding, a peek into the history of rock hounding and last but definitely not the least, some of the major regional attractions for rock hounding. We aim at providing our readers a set of guidelines for safe, legal and responsible rock hounding. The tips provided here may be greatly helpful for our rock hounders to ensure they have successful outings.

    OVERVIEW

    Rockhounding toolsAs you all may be aware, Rockhounding refers to the fascinating treasure hunt and recreational collecting of rocks and or minerals from their natural environment. Rock hounding can be your greatest excuse for playing with nature in a harmless manner. There are several ways that one can resort to rock hounding. Some collectors go in search of certain types rocks like volcanic rocks or meteorites. Others collect fossils or mineral specimens. There is also gold planning or prospecting of gold. Apart from gold minerals, gems and precious and semi-precious stones are all hot pursuits of rock hounders.

    If we trace the early history or rockhounding, we find that some of the early rockhounders were prospectors who were on the search for precious minerals and gemstones that can be used commercially. However, as time passed, more and more people have taken to rock hounding as a recreational pass-time as they have been inspired greatly by the beauty that the rocks and minerals provide.

    Whether you are an experienced and trained rockhound or prospector, there can be no doubt that loads of fun, adventure and may be various hidden treasures are in store for you. However, prior to embarking upon such adventures, it is important that you are equipped with the right information and accessories. Learning a lot about petrology, the study that would help you gain knowledge of the various rock forms and the conditions on which they form, would be of immense help to any rock hound. Apart from petrology, an in-depth knowledge of geology would also be of immense value in rock hounding.

    Much of world’s famous rock hounding takes place in the United States, especially in cities like Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. Most of these states have an abundance of minerals, precious and semi-precious stones in their mountains.

    The most common materials that are being sought after by rock hounds are:

    * Agate
    * Jasper
    * Limb Casts
    * Obsidian
    * Petrified Wood
    * Thunder Eggs

    All these materials have formed as a result of processes that are at least a thousand years old. For instance in Oregon, millions of years ago various volcanoes that erupted in the region of Central Oregon led to volcanic ash being deposited on the steep slopes that mixed with the tropical rains and created mud flows that swept across the landscape devouring plants and animals and storing them inside as fossils.

    Similarly, in Washington a continuous phase of volcanic eruptions that resulted in the oceanic plate being submerged under water along with water rich rocks under the continental plate. Since lava rocks and ash have rich silica content, this gives a good chance for agate formation in the area. This action has resulted in some of the finest agate reserves in the area including the well-known Ellensburg Blue Agate.

    IMPORTANT REGULATIONS TO FOLLOW WHILE ROCK HOUNDING

    Prior to choosing any site for rock hounding, there are various important points to remember. They are:

    * The rock hound should determine if the site selected is located within the National Forest Land.
    * It is important to find out if rockhounding is legally permitted in the area
    * The rock hound should also find out if the mineral rights in the site are privately owned. The above information will be available with the local District Ranger Offices.
    * Semi-precious stones, mineral specimens and common invertebrate fossils can be collected from public lands in reasonable quantities for personal use.
    * Vertebrate fossils can be collected only with requisite permits.
    * Collection of rock materials for commercial use is prohibited.
    * No mechanized tools or explosives can be used during rock hounding. Only shovels, picks, chisels, rock hammers and crowbars are allowed.
    * Most importantly, every rock hound must solemnly adhere to the Rock hound’s Code of Ethics to ensure that the entire rock hounding experience is a pleasant and memorable one for everyone involved in the adventure.

    ROCKHOUNDING TOOLS AND SUPPLIES:

    There are thousands of rock hounding accessories and tools in the market. All rock hounders must ensure that they are well equipped with the best and safest rock hounding equipments. The rock hounding kit must possess essentials like probes, digging tools, rock hammers band crevice tools. Various modern rock hounding tools are available like the Rock pick, which has a hammer on one end and a sharp pointed pick at the other, making it suitable for freeing specimens, busting rocks and digging in the dirt.

    All rock hounders must possess a map of the desirable location that is highly informative and provides accurate details about the minerals and rocks available in the site. Various pocket guides to rock hounding are available in the market that throw an ocean of light on the various aspects of rock hounding like fossil search, mineral hunting, gem search and gold are prospecting.

    By following the above mentioned guidelines we assure you that your journey through the various blazing deserts, winding rivers and various geologic wonders would create one of best and most fruitful rock hounding adventures you have ever had. It would also kindle your interest in this search for the untouched treasures of Mother Earth and motivate you to venture out to those out-of-the-way places. Happy Rock Hounding!!

    Important Sapphire Mines In The World

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    Important Sapphire Mines In The World

    by Ritika Changrani

    Sapphires are beautiful stones found in myriad colors like blue, yellow, orange, purple and even pink. The most expensive sapphires are not those which have been heat treated but those which have been mined as nature intended them to be – straight from the depths of the earth. These are the rich & vibrant blue sapphires. Sapphires are mined all over the world. There are sapphire mines in India, Ceylon, Burma, Australia, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, USA, and Africa.

    Sapphires are mined all over the world. There are sapphire mines in India, Ceylon, Burma, Australia, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, USA, and Africa.

    Sapphires are beautiful stones found in myriad colors like blue, yellow, orange, purple and even pink. The most expensive sapphires are not those which have been heat treated but those which have been mined as nature intended them to be – straight from the depths of the earth. These are the rich & vibrant blue sapphires.

    sapphire minesCutting a sapphire is difficult as a sapphire has many colors and a cutter faces the dilemma of trying to get the best in brilliance, depth of color and line while cutting the gems. A sapphire is valued depending on its size or carat, the color, clarity and the cut, or which we know and refer to as the Four Cs.

    The chemical composition of the sapphire is dialuminum trioxide (Al2O3) which is a colorless and clear mineral. The stones get their color from the impurities that are present within it. For example, yellow comes from the iron so yellow plus titanium becomes blue and the red comes from chromium. Red sapphires are what the world knows as rubies. Titanium oxide is the most commonly found impurity which looks like silk needles. This is where the above mentioned heat treating comes into play. If the stone is treated to a heat reading 1700-2000 degrees Centigrade, the needles dissolve, the haze in the gem clears and the gem then acquires a brilliant look.

    Sapphires are mined all over the world. You will find sapphires in India, Ceylon, Burma, Australia, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, USA, and Africa. The sad part is that the best sapphires are found in the strife ridden areas on the India – Pakistan border where the political situation is not one to be stepped into lightly. The Kashmir stones are the most valuable sapphires. The oldest mines are in Sri Lanka but the blue sapphires are mostly from Australia and Thailand. Madagascar will give you superb pinks and yellows and of course blue. Brazil has pink, purple and blue stones while in Tanzania you will find yellow, orange and blue.

    The Aussie sapphire

    The mine is at Reddestone Creek in Australia and this mine has seen plenty of mining over the last so many years. Mining right in the path of the stream is not allowed anymore since this was affecting the quality of the water. The commercial aspect of the Aussie sapphire commenced sometime in 1998.

    Madagascar

    Ilakaka and Sakaraha are situated a little south of the island Madagascar near a place called Toliara or Tulear. Since its discovery in 1998, the mine has seen active mining and trading from all over Madagascar is conducted here. Go past the desert southwards and you will reach a place called Andranondambo. Known at one time as Fort Dauphin, Tolanaro is a metasomatic sapphire mining area for blue sapphires where, in 1994 the first sapphires of gem quality were found.

    Spokane Bar

    Along the Missouri river on the banks of Hauser Lake, lies the Spokane gravel bar. It was named by geologists who were mapping the area in early 1900’s and they came upon a sapphire cache. Hauser was one of the territorial governors of Montana and the lake is named after him. This lake has played a very important role in the history of sapphire mining. The story goes that the governor and his partners were panning for gold. The sluice boxes got blocked by some heavy stones so the miners sent it to England where it was confirmed that these are sapphires and quite priceless. Today sapphires of every color and hue can be found at Spokane bar. Most common among these are the blue/green sapphires.

    North Carolina

    The Old Presley Sapphire Mine is situated near Canton in North Carolina in Haywood County. In western North Carolina this is the oldest mine in operation and its claim to fame is the discovery of 1445 carat sapphire which was called the Star of the Carolinas. Now the mine has plenty of moonstones, sapphires and various other precious stones waiting to be found.

    Montana

    In Montana the first mined Sapphires were found at the Rock Creek deposit around 1892. Earlier it was abundant in sapphires and today is noted as the only place that has quantities enough to make it a commercial venue for sapphires. Mining for gems is an activity that has been enjoyed by visitors and even Montanans themselves these days. Rock creek is the only one out of the four areas of sapphire deposits in Montana where the gem has such a fine quality and a variety of sharp colors. With brilliant jewelry being the preferred type among people, the Rock Creek sapphire has found its own niche market. With heat treatment also easily done, this industry has really taken hold. The other sapphire deposit region of Montana is Philipsburg. At the Sapphire Mountain and at Gem Mountain, mining is open to the public. This is a popular destination for sapphire mining and hunting.

    Sri Lanka

    Mining on the island of Sri Lanka goes back at least 2000 years. This island has its own heritage in the mining arena. The island is called Gem Island or “Ratna Dweepa” because of the large variety of gems found here. You will find everything from peridot to moonstones to garnets and topaz. Today Sri Lanka is best recognized for it’s the sapphires called the Ceylon Blue, and the sapphire called Padparadscha which has a beautiful and unique orange pink pastel soft color, very similar to the Lotus flower found on this island. The traditional Ceylon mines are near Ratnapura which is located southeast of Colombo about 100kms away.

    Sapphires are found everywhere in the world. This stone has numerous astrological aspects to it also. There are varying opinions about its use and wearing it is considered beneficial for some while it is known to bring bad luck to others. But superstitions not withstanding, the blue sapphire is a beautiful stone with brilliance few can match.

    Precautions and Care of Diamond

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    Precautions and Care of Diamond

    by Mark

    Diamonds are a woman’s best friend. A diamond has the lustrous shine that attracts everyone towards it. The shine and glow of this gemstone can be retained forever with appropriate precautions and care. It is the hardest stone, with a hardness of 10 on the Moh’s scale. Even then it is possible for a diamond to get chipped, scratched or damaged in a piece of jewelry. This could be due to improper setting techniques during manufacturing or careless use by the wearer. Therefore, it is very crucial to take safety measures to avoid spoiling the stone. This article would give the reader the general know-how about all the aspects that would help in preventing the gemstone from the any kind of damage.

    Cleaning:

    It is one of the most important features of keeping the diamonds shimmering. Depending upon the usage of diamond jewelry the frequency of cleaning is determined. If the diamond set is worn occasionally for exclusive parties then it may not be required to clean at all but if the jewelry is worn daily then it is essential to clean it twice a year. Cleaning has to be done with utmost patience and care.

    DiamondSpecial brushes are available in the market designed for cleaning diamonds. In case it is not available then look for small and soft brush like an eyebrow or a lipstick brush. Use this brush, mild soap and water for cleaning. First step of this procedure is to prepare a solution by mixing Luke warm water and mild soap. Place this solution in medium size glass bowl. In the center of the bowl place the diamond jewelry. Soak it for few minutes then give an extremely gentle rub with the brush. Make sure to clean the stone from the bottom as this place is more prone for dirt and oil accumulation. Then give a thorough rinse with clean water and wipe it off with a cotton cloth. During the entire process always hold the jewelry from the edges.

    The jewelers would use diluted ammonia to clean the gems but when cleaning at home it can be replaced with a mild cleanser or one pinch of cooking soda. Also special jewelry cleanser is easily accessible in the market. These too could be used instead of mild soap. Before using this cleanser always ensure to read the instructions to know whether it is suitable for Diamond cleaning or not. Also make certain to follow all the directions given in the leaflet. Some people would use old toothbrush for cleaning but the eyebrow or lipstick brush is a better choice as its bristles are softer. Apart from cotton any other fabric must be avoided for drying the jewelry after it is rinsed with water as cotton cloth soaks water very well. Some people also use ultra sonic cleansers for cleaning the diamond jewelry but it is recommended less as the waves emitted are not good for the stone in the long run.

    Storage:

    When the jewelry is not used it should be stored properly in its respective place like a jewelry box or any other box having the soft cloth inside. Every single stone jewelry must have its own assigned place to store else when all the jewelry pieces are kept in same box then there is high proximity of stones getting scratched or some other damage could happen. Single stone earrings, pendants or rings having more than 2 carat stone should be wrapped in the cotton or tissue and then stored in the jewelry box. This is the ideal safety measure to protect the big size stone mounted in the jewelry piece from getting damaged.

    Vital Guidelines:

    These guidelines are important to follow to protect the diamond jewelry from all sorts of danger and damage that could take place due to unforeseen circumstances.

    • Diamonds are placed in the jewelry setting with the help of prongs and mountings. With regular use the prongs tend to get loose sometimes and gems starts shaking. If this is ignored then there are chances that the precious gem falls out of the jewelry anytime and the wearer can’t even notice it at that instant. Therefore, all the jewelry should be taken to the jeweler occasionally to tighten the prongs and mountings.
    • At the time of physical exercise it is suggested not to wear the gemstone jewelry to avoid the chances of knock out, breakage or scratches on the stone. Similarly, while playing outdoor sports one should not wear diamonds.
    • By mistake if the diamond ring falls on concrete then always check whether the claws are intact and stone is tightly held in its position or not.
    • In one finger always wear only one ring and ensure the diamond do not rub with any other ring’s stone. Females tend to wear rings in all the fingers as a result it is obvious that metal of rings stroke next to one another or the gemstones mounted in the rings. Metal rubbing with metal is still better than diamond rubbing against diamond or any other gems.
    • Avoid cleaning all the diamond jewelry in the hand-basin, the heavy flow of tap water may wash away stones that may have become lose while cleaning.
    • Always ensure to remove the jewelry having diamonds at the time of doing household work, gardening, and playing water sport, outdoor games, sleeping and bathing.

    Diamonds are certainly forever, but to keep the enduring beauty of these durable stones intact it is important to take care of them. A little effort and precautions can go a long way in ensuring the diamonds retain the glitter forever.

    Lab identification of Sapphire

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    Lab identification of Sapphire

    by Erum Qureshi

    Sapphire, derived from the Greek word sapphirus, literally means blue. Many people will find it difficult to believe that ruby, with its intense red color and the royal blue sapphire are the same mineral corundum composed of oxygen and the light metal aluminium.

    Ideal sapphires are stones of an intense blue verging on the violet. Large sapphires are more common than large rubies. Let us look at the physical properties of the mineral species corundum to which the sapphire belongs.

    Species

    sapphire

    Metallic oxides are responsible for imparting color to this mineral. If not for these impurities present in the crystal structure of corundum, it would be colorless. Red stones of the corundum species are termed as rubies and all other colors are known as sapphires with the color prefix.

    Corundum is found in many colors besides red and blue. Colorless Sapphire is called leuko-sapphire, yellow, violet, green and even brown colors may be found. Also sometimes found is a very rare and highly valued orange color, known as ‘padparadscha’ (from the Sinhalese word for ‘lotus flower’). Occasionally color-changing sapphires can be found; asterism and star-stones come in almost all colors.

    Hardness

    Hardness is the same as ruby (9 on the Moh’s scale) and also differs differently in different directions (an important factor which need to be kept in mind during cutting).

    Determination of Specific Gravity

    Specific gravity of a gemstone is the ratio of its weight to the same volume of water. Since there is no definite demarcation between ruby and sapphire, the same tests for measuring specific gravity are used as those for ruby. The Clerici solution is used to measure the specific gravity of sapphire as this solution is the heaviest among the high-density liquids available. The stone when suspended in the Clerici solution should be clean and dry as the tweezers and other apparatus used for the test. Care is should also be taken that these are free from other organic solutions before immersing the gem in the solution. Natural sapphire will have an SG approximating 3.99. An exception is iron-rich yellow, green and blue-green sapphires, which may have specific gravity as high as 4.00. Once the SG is confirmed to be that of corundum, the gemologist moves on to the next step.

    Refractive Index

    Sapphire Stone

    Light rays leaving one medium and entering another obliquely seem to bend a little at the place of contact. This is called refraction of light. During gem testing, measuring the refractive index or RI helps the gemologist observe the indices of refraction of light on a particular species of gemstone. The refractive index for sapphire is measured exactly in the same way as that of ruby, both being of the same species, their RI is the same. Spot readings are taken for cabochon cut sapphires; faceted stones are placed facedown on the glass of a Refractometer with a small amount of contact liquid and the reading is taken. The RI of sapphire will be 1.76 to 1.77.

    Double Refraction

    When a ray of light enters a crystal having a Trigonal system in directions other than the optic axis, it splits into two distinct rays. This is known as double refraction. The Sapphire, being of the Trigonal crystal structure shows two indices of refraction in a polariscope. These are known as the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray. Birefringence is the difference between the highest and lowest refractive indices. Sapphire has a birefringence of – 0.008, with a negative sign because the ordinary ray is f greater value.

    Pleochroism

    The fact that there are two rays in these stones has an effect on color, for each of these rays absorbs light differently and as the stone is turned it shows a slightly different shade of color. This effect known as Dichroism, is seen fairly well in sapphires of all colors except in colorless and yellow stones. The most attractive color is that of the ordinary ray in sapphire, which is a deep royal blue.

    Absorption Spectra

    The absorption of colored stones is in well marked bands or finer dark lines which cross the otherwise continuous spectrum, obliterating certain colors or wavelengths when white light is transmitted through or reflected from the stone. The spectroscope is an instrument that determines the wavelength of the absorbed light. The wavelength is measured in nanometers (symbol nm) or angstrom symbol ?. The spectrum most common to blue, green and yellow Sapphire is the iron spectrum. It consists of three lines of increasing intensity at 451, 460 and 470 nm. The absorption spectra of sapphire (in nanometers):

    Sapphire ,blue (from Australia) : 471, 460, 450.
    Sapphire, blue (from Sri Lanka) : (450)

    Note: Strong absorption lines are in bold letters; weak ones are in parenthesis.

    Fluorescence

    In the case of blue sapphires, UV fluorescence is practically non-existent. Except maybe Sri Lankan sapphires, which have chromium traces. These show a red or orange glow under long wave and weak blue glow under short wave.

    Microscopic Examination

    Without doubt the final and most determinative test to decide the authenticity of any gemstone is its examination under a microscope.

    Gemologists rely on their expertise and experience to spot the inclusions before taking the final call on the authenticity and grade of a gemstone. The best stones are those with no major color zoning problems, which are well-cut, eye clean and most importantly of an intense blue color. Inclusions (irregularities in the crystal structure and internal flaws) in sapphire are straight angular growth lines following the crystal faces.

    Included rutile needles or hematite plates are called ‘silk’, which bring about a soft sheen in the stone. When such a stone is cut en cabochon these rutile needles or ‘silk’ brings about the rare cat’s eye effect or the very desirable asterism (a six rayed star that shimmers above the stones surface when it is moved).

    Rhombohedral twinning and boehmite needles are inclusions exclusive to natural corundum and have never been observed in flux grown synthetic corundums. Inclusions typical to synthetic sapphire are curved growth lines (thin striae or bands), gas bubbles and dense clouds of extremely fine rutile silk in star stones. These clouds do not show the straight angular zoning patterns that natural stones show but have curving bands instead.

    Treatment and look-alikes

    Through heat treatment at temperatures of about 1700-1800 degrees C, some cloudy sapphires, non-distinct in color, can change to a bright blue permanent color. Sapphires can be confused with benitoite, indicolite, iolite, spinel, tanzanite, topaz, zircon and even blue glass. Some imitations are made using doublets, blue cobalt glass with a crown of garnet or a crown of green sapphire and a pavilion of synthetic blue sapphire.

    Today, synthetic sapphires having properties identical to the natural stone are being produced commercially.

    Rockhounding Clubs

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    Rockhounding Clubs

    by Ritika

    The best way rockhounders may enhance their knowledge in this area is by joining a rockhounding club. Rockhounding clubs pave the way for rockhounders to meet people belonging to the same area and those who share the same interest. In addition, rockhound clubs also run organized trips to nearby localities which help rockhounders visit rockhounding sites in groups and explore the same.

    Rockhounding is an interesting activity carried out by mineralogists who enjoy collecting interesting rocks and minerals. Rockhounding is carried out by people who enjoy collecting rocks and gemstones that are eye-catching or by serious rockhounders who collect rare gemstones, rocks and minerals and also exhibit them in the rock and gem shows around their country.

    Importance of Rockhounding Clubs

    RockhoundingThe best way rockhounders may enhance their knowledge in this area is by joining a rockhounding club. Rockhounding clubs pave the way for rockhounders to meet people belonging to the same area and those who share the same interest. In addition, rockhound clubs also run organized trips to nearby localities which help rockhounders visit rockhounding sites in groups and explore the same.

    A Rockhounding Club List for the United States

    There are numerous rockhounding clubs in the United States and some of them to mention are:

    Indian Mounds Rock and Mineral Club

    Indian Mounds Rock and Mineral Club is located in Wyoming, Michigan and helps rockhounders share and study about various minerals, gems, fossils, rock, lapidary arts, and earth sciences. The rockhounding club also organizes field trips in addition to various other activities like informative meetings, shows, silent auctions, and sales. The rockhounding club also has an online club email group which helps rockhounders communicate new information.

    Del Air Rockhounds Club

    The Del Air Rockhounds Club is located in the San Fernando Valley area of California. The club organizes demonstrations, exhibitions, displays and lectures for rockhounders. The rockhounding clubs also takes rockhounders on field trips every month to local deserts and mountains for exploration.

    Convair Rockhound Club

    Convair Rockhound Club is located in San Diego, CA and conducts meetings every week Tuesday which helps rockhounders to share their ideas.

    Fort Collins Rockhound Club

    Fort Collins Rockhound Club is located in Fort Collins, CO and conducts field trips for rockhounders to areas like Canyon, Shirley Basin, WY and so on.

    Cape-Atlantic Rockhound Club

    Cape-Atlantic Rockhound Club is located in Cologne, New Jersey. This club is useful for rockhounders interested in geology and fossils. The Clubhouse is open for all members to carry out their lapidary work throughout the year.

    Culver City Rock & Mineral Club

    Culver City Rock & Mineral Club, also known as CCRMC, is located in Culver City, California, USA. It helps to promote knowledge and skills related to earth sciences, lapidary arts, paleontology, mineralogy, faceting, cutting, casting, polishing, metal-smithing, and field collection of minerals, rocks, fossils and other artifacts. The club is a non-profit Californian corporation that started its operations in 1960. Rockhounders can enjoy the frequent field trips to local collecting areas organized by this club. Members of this club can also reap the benefits by using the extensive library of books and videotapes present in this club.

    Island Rockhounds INC

    Island Rockhounds INC is located at Bellmore, NY. This club has an exclusive training for getting skilled at cracking geodes. The trainings are conducted by experts Bill Cascio and Tom Gangi. The club also has numerous resources like equipment, jewelry, mineral specimens, books and gems. Rockhounders can join this club and can enjoy the benefits of this wide range of resources.

    Saint Lawrence Country Rock and Mineral Club

    Saint Lawrence Country Rock and Mineral Club is located in Northern NYS, United States. The club hosts two major mining companies named as St. Lawrence Zinc and Gouverneur Talc, Co. In earlier days, collecting from these mines was allowed for members of this club. Recent rules state that members of this club can collect from the mines through prior permission only. The club organizes guest speeches from eminent persons in the field of rockhounding every month. This helps rockhounders belonging to this club learn and gain extensive knowledge in their area. In addition, the club also organizes for digs for its members throughout the summer season and the information about digs are updated on their site.

    ROLLIN’Rock Club INC

    ROLLIN’Rock Club INC is located in Texas, United States. The club conducting regular meetings every week at which members share their rockhounding interests and hobbies, converse and talk about their experiences. The club also conducts club shows at consistent intervals. The ROLLIN’Rock Club INC was started in 1955 at Corpus Christi, Texas. The Rollin’ Rock Club takes the pride in being one of the largest gem and mineral hobby clubs in the United States and one of the world-wide clubs with its members being present throughout the world, namely in United States and Canada, as well as in Germany, Australia, Greece, South Africa, Russia and other foreign countries. The Rollin’ Rock Club is affiliated with the South Central Federation of Mineralogical Societies and the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies.

    Since the ROLLIN’Rock Club INC has members throughout the world, all its business and club operations are done online and through emails. The club has the practice of conducting a minimum of one official meeting every year which is generally done along with the annual show and convention of the South Central Federation. The club also publishes a quarterly newsletter named as RRC newsletter through which members of the club present throughout the world get to know each other and share their ideas and experiences. The RRC newsletter acts as a communication media for members with common interests to find each other and share their preferences and interests.

    Fredericksburg Rockhounds Gem and Mineral Club

    Fredericksburg Rockhounds is a gem and mineral club located in Fredericksburg, Texas. The Fredericksburg rockhounds club started its operation in 1968 and is a non-profit organization affiliated with the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies (AFMS) and the South Central Federation of Mineral Societies (SCFMS). The club is of great use to people interested in gems, minerals, and fossils. The club conducts various activities for its members some of which are monthly field trips organized for nearby rockhounding sites, rock swaps, an annual show which is normally arranged in the month of January, an annual picnic which is generally organized in the month of June and a Christmas party for its members in the month of December.

    Rockhounders, by joining rockhounding clubs present in their locality, reap enormous benefits like sharing knowledge, meeting people with similar interests and so on. Rockhounders can also get extensive knowledge from the shared resources like library books, forums, newsletters published by the clubs and field trips organized by them.

    Buyers guide for Emerald engagement ring

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    Buyers guide for Emerald engagement ring

    by Madhubanti Rudra

    So what else other than emerald can be the most appropriate choice for an engagement ring stone? For, engagement rings are special, very special. They always chant the silent promises of fidelity. This beautiful gem stone which has always been associated with the rich famous and powerful can be ideal for those young couples for whose life is the celebration of all that is magnificent and elegant.

    Three basic points should be noted while buying an engagement ring – the choice of the stone, the choice of the metal of the ring and the design. For buying an engagement ring, which is a very coveted piece of jewellery one is always recommended to get it made to order.

    Emerald engagement ring facts

    That way one can decide on the design according to individual taste and the size of the pocket. It is also advised that one should purchase the stone separately and then get it pronged into a ring. Before buying an emerald take note of the following points: First of all, Like other gems while buying an emerald, there are 4 c’s to watch.

    1. Cut – the precision and delicacy of the cut dictates the price of this stone. Emeralds are however cut in a variety of different shapes, ranging from traditional rectangular step cut, known as “Emerald cut” to rounds, ovals, squares and cabochons. Usually heavily flawed stones are given cabochon cuts.

    2. Colour – Emerald, a gem belonging to Beryl family are often found in different shades of green. Depending on the presence of chromium and vanadium, the emerald can be grassy green or yellowish or bluish green. The finest quality of emerald bears a “lime Jell-O” colour. For emeralds colour is the most important price determining factor. Smaller emerald with better colour commands higher prices than the bigger stones which have weakly colored.

    3. Clarity – this indicates the clearness of the stone. Clarity and colour together dominates the price of the emerald. Emerald is characterized by the abundance of inclusions which decreases the hardness and give it a soft velvety appearance. They are marked by the large presence inclusions like calcite, yellow-brown needles of the mineral parasites, pyrite, albite and biotype inclusions. However good emerald with both high clarity and good colour are extremely rare. An emerald that has high clarity and higher carat may be cheaper than a smaller emerald with a good colour.

    4. Carat – the weight of the emerald is measured in carat. A carat is 0.2 grams and is divided in to 100 cents. Good stones of high clarity and colour are extremely rare in sizes above 2 to 3 carats.

    Emerald engagement ring price

    Emerald engagement rings are priced on a per carat basis, according to colour, clarity and size of the stone. Good stones in the 1 to 2 carat range are sold for as much as $25,000 per carat. On the other hand “commercial quality stones” (light to dark green, poor clarity) sell for $50 to $800 per carat in the 1 to 2 carat range.

    However because of the stone’s high price factors synthetic emerald are also manufactured at a large scale in the USA. They are popularly known as “Chatham” cultured emerald and “Gilson” emerald. In beauty and colour, these cultured emeralds are very close to their natural counter parts. Best graded whole sale price of these cultured emeralds range from $245 per carat for 0.12 to 1.5 carat stones to $450 per carat for 9 to 9.9 carat stones. Such synthetic emeralds are easily distinguished from naturals by having lower R.I and S.Gs and by inclusions.

    Lastly at the time of purchase never forget to demand a certificate which is a document issued by a gemological laboratory describing the physical characteristics of a loose gem stone. However these expensive stones have internal fractures and hence demand high maintenance. Emerald should be cleaned always with soft dry cloth avoiding sudden heat as it loses colour when strongly heated. So far as the choice of the metal is concerned always go for the yellow gold as emeralds look most gorgeous when teamed with yellow gold. The ring should be made with 18 K gold as the setting of the stone requires a strong base. Emerald the symbol of youth is perfect for an engagement ring not only because of its beauty, but many virtues ascribed to it. Emerald is believed to bring faith and success in life. So why wait? Adorn your beloved’s finger with a majestic emerald ring on the special day of your life. After all Cleopatra to Liz Taylor emerald has fascinated all the movers and shakers of the history of mankind.

    Rockhounding Books

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    Rockhounding Books

    by Mark

    Rockhounding and gem books act a great resource for rockhounders to gain extensive knowledge in rockhounding, rocks, minerals and gemstones. Rockhounders must first select the books that match their interested rocks, minerals and gemstones which would help them in their specialized domain.

    Rockhounding Books @ Jewel Info 4 U

    Rockhounding and gem books act a great resource for rockhounders to gain extensive knowledge in rockhounding, rocks, minerals and gemstones. Rockhounders must first select the books that match their interested rocks, minerals and gemstones which would help them in their specialized domain.

    Rockhounding Books

    There are various excellent books, research materials and guides related to rockhounding and gem stones. Some of them to mention are:

    The Rockhound and Prospector’s Bible:

    The Rockhound and Prospector’s Bible is an excellent reference and study guide that speaks about a variety of rocks, minerals, gemstones and prospecting. This book, having about 136 pages, is written by L. J. Ettinger and it acts as a great resource for learning about rocks and minerals.

    Simon and Schuster’s Guide to Rocks and Minerals:

    Simon and Schuster’s Guide to Rocks and Minerals is written by Martin Prinz, George Harlow and Joseph Peters. The guide has all information the rock and mineral enthusiast would be interested in learning. The guide is divided into two sections – One section is for minerals and the other section is devoted to rocks. In each of the sections, the rocks and minerals are discussed with their chemistry and details like their appearance, classification, rarity, crystal formation, mode of occurrence, gravity of mineral, rock chemistry, modal classification fields, formational environments, grain sizes of rocks, and much more with related visual symbols in detail.

    Fee Mining Adventures and Rock Hunting Expeditions in the U. S.:

    The book named “Fee Mining Adventures and Rock Hunting Expeditions in the U. S.” is written by James Martin Monaco, James Monaco and Jeannette Hathaway Monaco. This books acts as a handy guide for all rockhounders in the United States. It details about nearly 155 collecting locations in the United States for rock hounding with deeper details about each site like fee mines, sites which have prospects for gold, and sites where rockhounders can hunt for rocks and minerals. The books details about the rockhounding sites’ interesting history along with regional attractions and camping information which will help rockhounders make their rock and mineral collecting trip remarkable and exciting.

    Rockhounding Montana:

    Rockhounding Montana is a book written by Robert Feldman. Almost all rockhounders would dream to rockhound in Montana, a state in Western United States. Montana has a historical lineage of inland seas which deposited fossils and minerals at the present rockhounding sites. This book gives detailed information about crystals, garnets, geodes, fossilized wood and also guides rockhounders to make their trip to the Yellowstone River. The book also details directions, with a glossary, directories and maps to museums, rock shops, and rock clubs which help rockhounders in their rockhounding. This book is a great resource during the geological journey for any rockhounders.

    Northwest Treasure Hunter’s Gem & Mineral Guide:

    Northwest Treasure Hunter’s Gem & Mineral Guide is an excellent book written by Kathy J. Rygle and Stephen F. Pedersen which any experienced rockhounder or even a rockhounder who is going rockhounding for the first time can refer to. This book has a variety of detailed information about “fee-dig” mining, rockhounding sites with maps and addresses. The book also gives detailed step-by-step instructions on panning for gold, sluicing for gems and other methods along with mining techniques for various minerals. Rockhounders can refer this book to visit commercial and historical mines, as well as museums with exhibits of gems and minerals.

    A Rockhounding Guide to North Carolina’s Blue Ridge Mountains:

    A Rockhounding Guide to North Carolina’s Blue Ridge Mountains written by Michael Streeter who was a rock and mineral collector from his early age and later became a licensed geologist with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This book is an excellent resource guide for all rockhounders to carry out their rockhounding adventure. This book gives details on rocks and minerals present at each rockhounding site, the tools rockhounders must take for rockhounding etc. The book also describes in rich detail the colorful history of mining and acts as an excellent educational guide for all rockhounders.

    Rock, Gem, and Mineral Collecting Sites in Western North Carolina:

    Rock, Gem, and Mineral Collecting Sites in Western North Carolina written by Rick Jacquot gives details about exciting locations in Western North Carolina which yields rare and excellent specimens of rocks, minerals, and sparkling gemstones.

    Audubon Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals:

    Audubon Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals is a field guide which features almost all important rocks, gems and minerals present in North American rockhounding sites with colorful photographs of the same. The book has a vast variety of minerals and rocks – approximately two hundred minerals and about forty rocks with detailed descriptions on each with their place of occurrence i.e. sites for rock hounding.

    The Rockhounds Handbook:

    The Rockhound’s Handbook written by James R. Mitchell is a book which is popular with almost all rockhounders. This books features the formation of rocks and minerals, tools that rockhounders must take for each rockhounding site, the legal aspects that each rockhounder must know before rockhounding at a site and preservation techniques of collected minerals and rocks. The book also mentions about minerals and rocks present at each rockhounding site. The highlighted feature of this book is the colorful photographs of rocks and minerals which attract rockhounders.

    Rockhounding the Wiley’s Well District of California: The GPS User’s Guide:

    Rockhounding the Wiley’s Well District of California, The GPS User’s Guide is written by Delmer G. Ross, a history professor at La Sierra University in Riverside, California. This book gives detailed explanation about the path or way to reach collecting locations for rockhounders along with their detailed historical information. The book has information about two dozen various rockhounding and collecting sites in the Wiley’s Well District and thereby prized to be a great handbook for all rockhounders who wish to rockhound in this area. It is sure that rockhounders would not need a map for rockhounding to Wiley’s Well Rockhounding District if they possess this handy book.

    Rockhounding books thus act as a great resource for rockhounders since they give detailed information about rocks and minerals, rockhounding, fossils and gem collecting along with details on maps and locations for various rockhounding sites.

    Emerald the green stone

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    Emerald the green stone

    Emerald the green stone

    by Nalini Naik

    History is full of instances when the emerald has been loved and treasured by the royalty of the ancient times. This gem was treasured in the form of jewelry as well as used as an object of worship. The emerald was also worn as a talisman for bringing good luck, especially by the Moguls in ancient India

    EmeraldEmerald, the gemstone with a beautiful rich green color, has been a popular and much coveted gemstone from the ancient times. Even in the modern world of today, the emeralds popularity is unquestionable. This gemstone, which belongs to the family of Beryls, owes its brilliant green color to the presence of chromium and vanadium. The emerald, with a hardness rating of 7.5 to 8, has many inclusions and cracks. In fact, compared to other gemstones, emerald has the most inclusions and fissures. These fissures are clearly visible when viewed through a microscope.The origin of the emerald dates back to almost 3000 B.C. The ancient Indians and Egyptians believed the rich green gemstone to be a symbol of eternal love and rebirth. Green, the elementary color in which nature abounds in, was worshipped in the bygone ages, as the color of life itself. Just as spring follows winter year after year, when the bare trees blossom with fresh green leaves, the color green was believed to symbolize the beginning of life and rebirth. Thus, the beautiful green emerald was loved and worshipped through the ages as a symbol of the eternal cycle of life.

    History is full of instances when the emerald has been loved and treasured by the royalty of the ancient times.

    This gem was treasured in the form of jewelry as well as used as an object of worship. The emerald was also worn as a talisman for bringing good luck, especially by the Moguls in ancient India. One of the largest emeralds, dating back to the Mogul era, has sacred writings inscribed on it, and was auctioned by Christies for an enormous sum of money. The Romans, according to history, worshipped the emerald, believing it symbolized Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Emerald is also supposed to be Cleopatra’s treasured gemstone. Ancient tribes like the Incas, worshipped the emerald, believing in its healing and supernatural properties. Even today, green is the holy color of Islam, hence the importance given to the green emerald.

    The main characteristics of the emerald, apart from its green color, are its many inclusions and fissures. These are caused by the enormous pressure and intense heat the stone is subjected to, during the process of crystallization. Emeralds are therefore treated with oil or resin, to strengthen it and also to minimize the flaws. Even though the emerald has so many inclusions and cracks, it is quite a hard and durable gemstone.

    Color is the most important factor when determining the value of this gem. The more deep and saturated the color, the more valuable the gem is. The really dark green emerald may not have the brightness the lighter green colored emeralds have. This does not diminish the value of the emerald. The richness of the dark green color makes up for it.

    A large emerald with a rich green color and clear transparency is very rare. Sometimes, these rare emeralds, inclusions and all, are more valuable than the best of diamonds. Also, a gem with a rich green color and many inclusions, has more value than a paler stone with less inclusions. In fact, the inclusions, known as the gardening effect, is what helps identify a genuine natural emerald from a fake one.

    Due to the many inclusions and cracks found in the emerald, it is a very difficult to cut.

    The brittle nature of this gem with its many cracks, makes the process of cutting, setting and polishing, very problematic indeed. To overcome this problem, the cutters developed a special cut for the emerald and named it the emerald cut. This cut is either square or rectangular. The beveled edges in this cut not only protect the gem but also enhance its beauty. Of course the emerald is also cut in many other classical shapes too. There is the round diamond cut, oval Trillion cut, the princess and marquise cut. Then the rounded pearl cut which is so popular especially in India. Emeralds are mostly cut in Jaipur in India and Tel Aviv in Israel.

    Emerald is a hard gemstone and this protects it from being scratched. The gem is treated with oil or resin or wax in order to nullify the effects of the inclusions, but this treatment is not permanent. So, never clean the gems using ultrasonic jewelry cleaner, or with harsh detergents and other chemicals, as it dissolves the oil and hence weakens the stone.

    Emeralds are found in many countries like Columbia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, India, Pakistan, etc, but it is Brazil which produces more emeralds than any other country.

    Jewelry crafted with emeralds in the form of rings, pendants, earrings, necklaces, bracelets etc are very beautiful and loved by one and all the world over.

    Emerald is the birthstone for the month of May, hence it is considered a lucky charm for Geminis. Taureans and Cancerians also benefit from this gem. It is an anniversary gem for the 20th, 35th, and 55th year of marriage, perhaps symbolizing enduring and eternal love. Many wear this gem as a treatment for certain physical and mental ailments. Emerald is also supposed to sharpen the memory and intelligence of the person wearing it.

    Popularly known as the spring gemstone, emerald is one of the high value gemstones.

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