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    Crystal Quartz Facts and Buying Guide

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    Crystal Quartz Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    In ancient times, it was used for making tools and weapons. And also since many years it is used as ornamental stones and gemstones. All the varieties of this stone are used for creating fascinating carved pieces ideal for decorative purpose. Sculptors of humans and animals made on single stone are treasured a lot by the filthy rich group of people of the society.

    Crystal Quartz, the name is derived from two different words. Word crystal is derived from the Greek word krystallos, meaning ‘ice’ while quartz is derived from the Saxon word querklufterz which means “cross vein ore.” In Greek mythology it was belief that crystal quartz is formed from ice thus, named accordingly. It is the symbolic gemstone for the 15th year of the marriage.

    It is found in many varieties. While making the purchase, buyer needs to be aware of the general information about the quartz and its different forms. This article proffers the necessary details about the quartz on the broader aspect. It also gives the facts that would act as a buying guide, assisting the buyer in making the genuine purchase of the gemstone. All the common characteristics like 4 Cs, occurrence, precautions, uses etc have been discussed catering to the needs of the buyer.

    Varieties

    It is divided into two broad categories viz. Macro crystalline and Cryptocrystalline. Macro crystalline are the larger crystals easily visible by the naked eyes. Few names of this variety are Amethyst, Citrine, Rock crystal, Smoky quartz, Rose quartz. Cryptocrystalline crystals are quite tiny in nature and could be seen through the microscope. Chalcedony, agate, onyx, Sardonyx, jasper and bloodstone are few to mention of this variety. Both these forms are widely used as ornamental stones and gemstones.

    Colour

    It occurs in diverse colours but the prime colour remains clear stone without any colour. The colorless quartz is known as rock crystal. Different varieties of quartz come to being in different colours like cryptocrystalline crystals are multicolored. Few other colored varieties are amethyst is purple, rose quartz is pink, milky quartz is white /cloudy gray and smoky quartz is brown/black/gray.

    Cut

    Crystal quartz is cut into many diverse shapes and styles, as it is a hard and tough stone. Cutters give new creative cut to the stones depending upon the design of the jewelry pieces. Some of the common shapes are round, oval, marquise, square, princess cut, pear and many more. Beads are also made from the rough into different shapes like round, oval and baroque.

    Clarity

    It is transparent in nature and possess vitreous luster. It contains inclusions of carbon dioxide and water. Flaws are also the result of the presence of other mineral in traces in the chemical composition of the stone. Thus, without flaws or inclusions, to find an absolutely clear crystal is next to impossible. However, while the initial gemstone processing the necessary measures are taken to minimize the inclusions but the complete elimination of the flaws is not viable. The inclusions are found in geometrical patterns or layered in the natural state.

    Carat weight

    The macro crystalline variety of quartz occur in large sizes as rough while cryptocrystalline is found in small sizes. After initial gemstone processing and polishing various stones are created of different carat weight. For the jewelry items the most sought carat weight is between 3- 6 ctw. Beads are created in the sizes of 2mm to 8mm. When used as the ornamental stone, the preferred weight is 12-14 ctw.

    Price

    Wide occurrence makes the price of the gemstone quite affordable for the pockets of the common man. Broadly, the price is determined on the basis of carat weight and clarity.

    Clarity and price is directly proportional to each other that is higher the clarity (minimum inclusions and flaws) higher shall be the price and vice versa. Similar proportionality concept exists between the price and carat weight. With the increase in carat weight the price of the stone also increases. The carved pieces made on one single stone are valued most in terms of money.

    Occurrence

    This alluring beauty is formed deep inside the earth crust when crystallization occurs of two abundant elements viz. silicon and oxygen. It forms total of 12% of the earth crust. Wide variety of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks holds this crystal. These macroscopic crystals universally occur as horizontal hexagonal prisms concluded by a combination of positive and negative rhombohedrons forming six sided pyramids. It is mined naturally.

    Source

    It is the only mineral found in large quantity around the different locations in the world. Brazil, United States of America, Russia and few African countries yield all the varieties of this crystal. Other notable occurrences are – Amethyst is also procured from Mexico, Uruguay and Canada. Smoky quartz is obtained from Swiss Alps and Scotland. Superior quality of Agate is also produced at Lake Superior region, Montana, Mexico and Germany. Colorless quartz or rock crystal quartz is retrieved from United Kingdoms, Switzerland and Madagascar.

    Enhancement and Imitations

    Quartz varieties are not enhanced. However, only few gemstones undergo heat treatments to improve the colour. In spite of being found in abundance, it is also produced synthetically in many parts of the world. Silica, a glassy non-crystalline form of crystal is sold as its imitation. The synthetic quartz is also sold under different trade names to mislead the innocent buyers.

    Uses

    In ancient times, it was used for making tools and weapons. And also since many years it is used as ornamental stones and gemstones. All the varieties of this stone are used for creating fascinating carved pieces ideal for decorative purpose. Sculptors of humans and animals made on single stone are treasured a lot by the filthy rich group of people of the society. Some people even like to utilize the originally found rough as a decorative piece in its natural form. Finely cut designer shapes of this stone are used for making striking chandeliers and lampshades. Astonishing bowls and containers are also made out of this crystal that can be used as crockery/utensils and for decorations as well.

    Its amazing beauty and affordability makes it very well liked as gemstone. The colorless quartz is commonly used as diamond imitation. Other varieties are widely used for making attractive jewelry items. The ornaments are made of 14K or 18K or 21 K yellow gold and sterling silver. White gold and platinum is used less as the high price of these metals is not well complemented with the monetary worth of the quartz gemstone. All the varieties of quartz are very well paired with other semi precious gemstones such as Peridot, opal, rhodonite etc.

    Beads are also prevalently used for making captivating ornaments. These are available in all sizes and shapes. Many females for the casual wear favor beads strung in silver thread with the silver clasp in form of necklaces and bracelets. The ideal length for the necklace is 16-18 inches while for the bracelets it is 7-8 inches, which is further adjustable as per the choice of the wearer.

    Apart from these usual uses, it is used as electrical components, radio oscillators, optical lenses, abrasives and building stones. Tiny quartz plates are used in clock and watches for controlling the radio frequency. The crystal quartz is used for healing and offering spiritual guidance. Fortunetellers use large colorless crystal ball for predicting the future. Pyramids and spheres are made which are used as metaphysical objects.

    Precautions

    This simple stone rates 7 Mohs on the hardness scale and is considered a tough stone. Hence, it requires only general gemstone precautions and care. The jewelry made up of this stone is not suitable for the daily wear, as it would certainly result in the reduction of the lifespan of the stone. It is hard yet soft to be used for routine activities without giving much attention. It equally needs to be pampered a little bit like other precious and semi precious stones for the retention for the lifetime.

    Beliefs

    It is believed to offer enhanced mental clarity, emotional stability and positive thoughts to the wearer. It helps in improving the concentration. It also aids in curing the mental disorders like lung disorders, skin problems, circulatory system troubles and respiratory system disorders. It provides relief from pain and strengthens the immune system.

    Crystal quartz is the mineral found in loads on the earth crust. It is within the reach of the simple man. For attaining this gemstone, buyers need not have a bulging pocket. And those who seize any inclination towards the precious and semi precious gemstones can surely acquire any of the quartz varieties and satisfy their long prolonging desire to own one of the stones. The possession of the gemstone would offer the owner the true bliss and ecstasy. So just give it a try as it is worth trying!!

    Adularescence effect in Gemstones

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    Adularescence effect in Gemstones

    by NASRINA PARVIN KHAN

    The milky, bluish/white sheen named as adularescence in moonstone appears to float along the transparent body. Thus the phenomenon adularescence seems to be move around the body of the stone when it is turned.

    Special optical phenomenon is the property of gems which give the distinct identity of gems and add value. Adularescence is such a phenomenon that has been specially seen in moonstone.

    A milky sheen or wavy glowing light effect which appears to come from below the surface of the gems is known as adularescence. Orthoclase feldspar named moonstones is the only example which exhibits the true adularescence.

    Sometimes, a golden shifting light displayed by certain quartzes and opals in the interior of them is known as “adularescence”. But usually it is called as “girasol” effect.

    Adularescence in moonstones

    Adularescence of moonstone and Labradorscene of Labradorite are related phenomena and looking similar. Both the gems belong to feldspar family and this is the reason of their similarity.

    The milky, bluish/white sheen named as adularescence in moonstone appears to float along the transparent body. Thus the phenomenon adularescence seems to be move around the body of the stone when it is turned.

    The name adularescence derives from “adularia”. Because the moonstone which posses the phenomenon mainly historically known as “adularia”.
    Adularescence_in_moonstones
    image: Mineralminers.com
    The most popular color of moonstone is blue, but it also found in gray, white, pink, green and brown etc. normally the nature of moonstone is transparent to translucent.

    Traditionally moonstone came from the country Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan moonstone are classical bluish and nearly transparent in nature. They are also found in USA, Australia, Brazil, Myanmar, Madagascar and India. Indian specimen shoe cloudy plays of light with beige brown, brown, orange, green background.

    The distinct pearly moon like glowing shimmer of moonstone caused by the reflection of light.

    How Adularescence happens?

    The structural pattern of the gem is the reason of this distinct optical phenomenon. Moonstone is made up of potassium Aluminium silicate. Adularescence is caused by the layer effect due to presence of tiny inclusions of another feldspar in the host material. Inclusions of sodium feldspar by exclusion in the potassium feldspar create a layer, where thin inner strata of two types of feldspar intermix. Interference effect of light occurs in gems due to these layers. Reflected light scatters equally in all spectral regions and produce a shiller. The colors of the shiller may be white, blue or blue-and orange by this phenomenon. But the valuable as well as desirable color of this shiller is blue, which is usually produced by a white or gray body colored stone. Thin layers help to produce attractive shiller, whereas less attractive whitish shiller produced by thick layers. The size or distance from layer to layer determines the colors we see in many cases.

    Unique play of light, which called as adularescence, makes moonstone very special. Cutting is very important for moonstone to show the phenomenon adularescence. The stone must be cut as tall, domed shape, which called as cabochon to exhibit the phenomenon. The exact height of the stone is very essential. Thereafter the axis of the crystal must be located exactly in the zenith of the stone.

    Polishing is also important to get the desired effect. A dulled moonstone can be obtained the magical effect of adularescence by the polished in such a way.

    Usually, the moonstone are available in transparent to translucent way. But a larger and more transparent stone is more valuable than others. Intensity of the color is also add value to the stone.

    The soft, sensuous, mysterious glowing light effect named as adularescence in moonstone gives the stone a feminine character and makes it attractive. Moreover the movement of the stone helps to exhibit the phenomenon adularescence. So, to create the seductive charm of adularescence in moonstone, it requires be wearing and moving a lot.

    Actually the astonishing effect of adularescence makes the moonstone seductive, sensuous and highly desired and more valuable.

    Agate Facts and Buying Guide

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    Agate Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    The variety of colours found is immense yet some common colours are green, yellow, purple, black, orange, brown, red, reddish-brown, white and bluish-white etc. Colour change takes place due to change in the impurities and its content in the chemical composition such as red occurs due to presence of either one of the mineral viz. iron, chromium, cobalt or cooper.

    Agate is an innovatively created gemstone by the nature. It belongs to the chalcedony quartz family. It was found thousands of years ago in Achates River in southwestern Sicily that is now know as Dirillo River. The name Agate is derived from the initial name of the river-achates. It is the birthstone for the month of May and anniversary stone for 12th year of marriage.

    This is an attractive semi precious gemstone with huge diversity in it. Easy availability, moderate price, good looks etc are few features that make it well liked in the circle of gemstone lovers. It is a simple stone without much specification hitherto general awareness about it is essential while making the purchase. This article provides the all-purpose information that could also be used as buying guide. Agate occurs in many different forms but here only few imperative varieties are mentioned. The characteristics discussed are about Agate as a whole not specific to any one single variety.

    Varieties – It is procured in varied forms. To know this gemstone well, one has to be aware of its varieties too. All forms are used as gemstone and ornamental stone. These differ from one another due to the change in impurities in the composition. The varieties are differentiated on the basis of colour of the bands.

    Moss Agate: It is a clear stone, green in colour and contains visible impurities. It is also known as Mocha stone. This is the most-sought-after variety. It is considered close to nature and said best suited for those related with agriculture industry. Helps in creating the balance within the sides of brain.

    Dendritic Agate: It is black or white in colour. The structure of this form of Agate is that of tree with trunk having big and small branches. It contains manganese oxide impurities that form the fabrications and so on.

    Riband Agate : In this gemstone, the bands are broad and appear as straight lines across the gemstone. It is also known as ribbon agate.

    Ring Agate : As the name suggests, it comprises of bands in form of concentric circles in varied colours. It is also called as eye agate.

    Plume Agate: It is named after its plume like shape. Colour varies from shades of blue, white, yellow and red. United States of America is the primary source for this variety.

    Fire Agate: The formation process of this variety is quite distinctive. Like all it is also produced during the volcanic eruption or in basalt. It is layered in one micro-thin layer in vugs from hydrothermal solution at a time. Similarly few more layers are formed then among these layers some reflect light back in the pattern of rainbow giving rise to bubbles and sheets of different colours viz. brilliant blue, red, yellow and green.

    Colour – This fascinating gem is available in varied colours. The variety of colours found is immense yet some common colours are green, yellow, purple, black, orange, brown, red, reddish-brown, white and bluish-white etc. Colour change takes place due to change in the impurities and its content in the chemical composition such as red occurs due to presence of either one of the mineral viz. iron, chromium, cobalt or cooper. Black owes its colour to iron and manganese. Green is due to iron, chromium, nickel and copper while blue is because of iron, titanium and cooper. Iron oxide leads to brown, chromium to yellow and manganese to pink and violet as well. Apart from the impurities, colour is also affected by change in temperature, radiation, pressure and weather.

    Bands are the distinctive feature of this colourful gemstone. Each and every stone possess concentric bands in different colours and textures. These bands are formed when impurities reacts with the solidifying gel in the volcanic lava at the time of crystallization. Difference in bands occurs because of the variations in the impurities and its content in the composition of the stone. This process is entirely natural therefore no two stones would have similar bands. Furthermore the pattern of bands is irregular. It could be circular, patches or haphazard lines etc.

    Clarity – It is vitreous to glassy in luster. Being, translucent or opaque in nature the presence of flaws or inclusions is not of much significance. Moreover, while processing the rough into a gemstone, through cutting and polishing the presence of flaws further becomes unnoticed. In this stone clarity is not much helpful while making the purchase of a genuine stone.

    Cut – This trait is very crucial. The end look of the stone is reliant on the cut it is given. The natural bands of stone are enhanced if given the appropriate cut therefore; cutters have to concentrate on the bands while cutting. It is a hard stone thus, it can be given any shape like round, pear, square, emerald and so on.

    Carat Weight – In natural state this marvelous gem is found in large and massive form. At the time of preliminary gemstone processing, the rough is cut and polished to create medium and smaller stones of different carat weight. As per one’s pocket one can select the suitable stone of any carat. Gems between 2-4 ctw are apposite for the jewelry items and gives splendid look as well. This weight is neither less nor more and is affordable too. The stones used for creating the ornamental pieces has to be between 4-9 carat or even more.

    Price – This awesome gemstone could be acquired easily as it is available at reasonable price. Only few stones with extraordinary bands or scenes are priced more yet affordable. The price is ascertained on the basis of carat weight, cut and bands structure. Price increases with the increase in carat weight. A good cut that highlights the bands enhance the beauty of the gem hence is worth more. Bright stones consisting of unusual and exclusive bands are valued more in terms of money. The sculptures and carved pieces made of one single solid piece are priced higher than those items where more than one stone is used.

    Occurrence – It generally occurs as rounded nodules or veins. It comes into existence during the volcanic eruption in the cavities of eruptive rocks or the volcanic lava. After the volcanic eruption, flowing lava starts solidifying then few gas bubbles are trapped in it. These bubbles later are filled with alkali and silica-bearing waters, which set as gel. Then alkali and iron present in the surrounding lava reacts resulting iron hydroxide forming the bands within the gel. Finally, gel looses water and crystallization occurs leaving the bands in one piece. It forms in shallow depth and low temperature.

    Source – This colourful gemstone was first mined at Nahe River valley in Germany. Nahe deposits are now said to be exhausted. Today, it is found across the globe. The next larger producers are Brazil and Uruguay. Some other countries proffering agate are Mexico, Egypt, Congo, Italy, India and Nepal. It is generated in immensity at Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana states of USA.

    Enhancements – It is porous in nature thus, often artificially stained or dyed to enhance the appearance. Enhancement helps in increasing the net value of the gemstone. The skilled people perform all the treatments and the retention of the changed appearance of the stone lasts for many years.

    Imitations – This gemstone comes in many different colours. It is procured quite easily. It is priced moderately still many jewelers sell poor quality stone as agate. Glass agate and Iceland agate are basically poor quality of obsidian that are treated and later sold as agate. Similarly, glass opal stimulant is named as Lake Superior fire agate or Mexican agate and sold at the price of pure agate.

    Use – It has jewelry, ornamental and industrial use. Treasured a lot by the lapidaries. Carvings, cameos, intaglios and beads made up of this gemstone cherished by many people. As ornamental use, splendid figures and sculptors are created from large stones. Agate bowls, letter openers, crockery handles, paperweights, bookends and guitar picks are also fairly popular. These are ideal for decorating the house, office and guesthouse etc. Beads are created in striking cabochon shape are used for making exquisite flat or rounded ornaments. Apart from cabochon, other possible shapes are oval, round, baroque and square. The size varies between 1mm to 9mm. Bracelets and necklaces of beads are pretty in demand among the females in almost every corner of the world for casual and professional attire.

    Handcrafted jewelry items are made from the well-created stones of different carat weight. Earrings, pendants, broaches and rings made from this gemstone are likes by females in every corner of the globe. It is idyllic for jewelry worn for daily basis. Sterling silver, 18K yellow gold, 18K white gold and platinum are used for making these ornaments. However, silver is used maximum amongst all the accessible metals. The reason being, silver enhances the beauty of the gem more than yellow gold. White gold and platinum are used less because two of these metals are not suitable in the economic terms. For industrial purpose, it is used in the manufacture of grinding equipment.

    Precautions – It is rated between 6.5-7 Mohs on the hardness scale. Its hardness rate specifies it as sturdy and long-lasting stone. Therefore, any specific care is not required yet general gemstone precautions are essential for the lifetime retention of the stone. Although the gem is hard and do not requires much care but by taking the precautions the gem and its jewelry would always look as up-to-the-minute.

    Beliefs – In ancient times it was used as powerful amulet or talisman to protect the wearer from all dangers and provide necessary strength. European royal families had passion for collecting bowl made up of Agate that can be seen even today in European museums. In past people used to wear it in order to attain the power to overcome the enemies and acquire wealth. Greeks used it for protecting themselves from hazards of sea.
    Today astrologers suggest this stone for curing all sleep allied problems like nightmares, bad dreams etc. It is also helps in remedy of insomnia and pancreas turmoil. Blood circulation smoothens by wearing this colour versatile gemstone. Apart from the medical treatments, it creates the balance between the physical, emotional and spiritual state of the wearer. Enhances the analytical ability and improves perceptiveness. It eliminates and cleanses the negative energies from the body.

    This multi-faceted gemstone is plain and elegant. It can be worn on different occasions. Try wearing this marvelous gemstone and experience the feeling of eternal joy and happiness. Worth trying !!

    Agate Facts

    Chemical CompositionIt is silicon dioxide and the chemical formula is SiO2.
    ColoursGreen, yellow, purple, black, orange, brown, red, reddish-brown, white and bluish-white.
    StreakWhite.
    Refractive Index1.545 – 1.554
    Specific Gravity2.57-2.64
    LusterVitreous to greasy.
    Solid StateTranslucent.
    Crystal SystemTrigonal.
    Hardness6.5-7 Mohs
    CleavageNone.
    FracturesConchoidal.
    LuminescenceNone
    BirefringenceWeak, between 0.005-0.009
    EnhancementRegularly dyed or stained to improve the colour.
    SourceGermany, USA, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Egypt, Congo, Italy, India and Nepal
    PrecautionsGeneral gemstone precautions to be taken.

    Important Agate Mines In The World

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    Important Agate Mines In The World

    by RITIKA CHANGRANI

    Agate is a hard semi-precious mineral commonly used as an ornament and a gemstone and this is found almost all over the world including places like USA, India, Asia, Brazil, Africa, Germany, Italy, Mexico and Nepal.

    agateNature has given the Agate gemstone the most creative of stripes and colors. It is the chalcedony quartz in concentric layers that give it its variety and a range of colors.

    Agates get formed when a cavity or a niche in the host rock is filled. Due to this, it is found as a round nodule with rings or concentric bands. These bands sometimes look like scallops or eyes or even form a picture of trees in a landscape. Blue and green are rare colors in agate but for most part, you will find it in a variety of colors.

    Sometimes there are tiny quartz crystals that form inside the stone which greatly enhances the magnificence and distinctiveness of individual stones. Known as drusy, these tiny crystals are used by Lapidaries where just the drusy is cut from an agate. The jewelers then use these drusy cabochons as the accent or main stone in their design. Some varieties of agate of this type are moss agate, plume agate and eye agate.

    Mining Of Agate

    Agate mines are found almost everywhere in the world. But some of the more important mines are found in USA, Russia, Europe and Canada. Let’s start with the mines of South Dakota USA. Agate is part of the gemstone and mineral industry which has grown from strength to strength in recent times. Agate is one of the most well known of all stones in this area. The official stone of South Dakota is the really beautiful Fairbanks agate found in the Black Hills. This stone is characterized by sharp bands that run perfectly parallel to each other. The next place in the USA for agate is Arizona. Here too gemstone production is well developed and while it is peridot and turquoise that lead the way, agate, jasper and some others are of equal importance. Agate deposits are found scattered across Idaho also.

    AgateIn Mexico, agates are found primarily in the states of San Luis Potosi and Aguascalientes. They are known for their fire agate and the multicolored fire agates are found in Calville in Aguascalientes. Another very beautiful agate is called the Apache Agate which is characterized by its floating red colors that can be seen in the clear agate. Southeast of the area of Apache agate are the cousins called the Laguna and Coyamito are part of the banded agate groups but the Apache Agate still stands apart from them. Here the bands are not as sharp as other agates found in Mexico.

    The two main deposits of agate can be found on the Mexican ranch of Agua Nueva which is located about 20 miles northeast of the Laguna agate deposits in Chihuahua in Northern Mexico. It is situated in front of the far mountain around the corner to the left and through the ravine. One specializes in the vein agate and the other is a nodular agate. The vein agate which is known for its tube formation was mined in 1997 and 1998.

    In a remote corner of Chihuahua Mexico one finds the Apache Agate deposits nestled on a ranch about 35 miles southeast of Nuevo Casas Grandes. Winding dirt roads going north through the tiny towns of Malpais and EL Apache, the agate deposits can be seen on a narrow ridge between an arroyo that drains the mountains to the wets and a bigger drain that comes in form the northwest. Till the early 1070s the ridge point was mined by hand and then came the dozer in 1970.

    Central European Russia boasts of mines which are along the left bank of the Oka River near Stupino, about 100 km south of Moscow. These are the Prioksky quarry or Golutvin. Here agates in limestone and agates are found.

    Germany mined agate in the Nahe River valley which was documented as early as 1497. This brought about the rise of the cutting centre called Idar-Oberstein. Brazil has rich deposits of agate and this was discovered when in the 19th century, the Idar-Oberstein’s cutters exhausted the agate deposits at Nahe and they went on to mine the deposits in Brazil. It lead to a major explore and discover program which brought to light rich deposits of agate, tourmaline, amethyst, citrine, topaz and other gemstones.

    In Canada, the Thunder Bay is one of the three places where Agate is found in veins and it is the only agate mine in Canada. But in California, not far form the Palo Verde, tucked away, deep in the Mule Mountains lies the Opal Hill Mine. This mine is famous for its very rare and magnificent fire agate, quartz crystals and opal eggs.

    The mine is made up of rock outcrops and holes where the agate has been mined which is quite unlike the mental picture one has of a mine being deep with tunnels and shafts. This mine is privately owned but for a small fee, the public can have a look around. Some effort and some hard work ensured that you come away satisfied with the fiery agate you get to take back with you. Opal hill mine is one of the active mines in the world which is producing the fire agate.

    Hematite Facts

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    Hematite Facts

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    Hematite Facts

    Chemical CompositionIt is iron oxide and the chemical formula is Fe2O3.
    ColoursSteel or silver gray, black, orange, red and brown. Some common shades are blackish gray, brownish red, reddish gray, blackish red.
    StreakBlood red to brownish red.
    Refractive Index2.87 – 3.15
    Specific Gravity4.95 – 5.26
    LusterMetallic or earthy luster.
    Solid StateOpaque.
    Crystal SystemTrigonal crystal system.
    HardnessVaries between 5.5 – 6.5
    CleavageNone
    FracturesUneven.
    TenacityBrittle
    LuminescenceNone
    Birefringence0.28
    EnhancementNo enhancement performed.
    SourceUnited Kingdom, United States, Brazil, Italy, Canada, Newfoundland Germany, Norway, Sweden, Spain, New Zealand, Mexico and Australia.
    PrecautionsOnly general gemstone precautions are required.

    Hematite Facts and Buying Guide

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    Hematite Facts and Buying Guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    Hematite plays an indirectly a vital role in our day-to-day life as it is used as an important ore of iron. Iron is procured from Hematite and steel is procured from iron. Its powder form consist of dark red colour, thus it acts as pigment for the making paints. Also the powdered form is mixed in animal fat and used as red or brown paint for artwork and pottery.

    Hematite, the name is derived from a Greek word ‘haimatites’ meaning bloodlike. Its powder form is blood red in colour so it is named accordingly. Since many years it is been used as amulets. Even today it is treasured a lot by the gemstone collectors. In order to assist the buyer in making the genuine purchase of this gemstone, we offer here facts about it. These facts would provide the necessary information in terms of all the general characteristics that shall also act as a buying guide.

    Colour

    It occurs in varied colours such as steel or silver gray, black, orange, red and brown. Some common shades are blackish gray, brownish red, reddish gray, blackish red. It appears red, orange and brown in colour when iron present in the compositions starts getting rusted. It gets rusted when it comes in contact with water and air. This gemstone has one unique property. When heated it might turn black and after getting cooled it reverts back to its previous colour.

    Clarity

    It contains metallic to earthy luster. It is opaque in nature. It possesses uneven fractures in rough but after the necessary gemstone processing the fractures are removed. Moreover, being opaque in nature no fractures are visible by the naked eyes. The originality of the stone can be judged from the luster alone.

    Cut

    This shiny gemstone is hand grounded and polished before cutting. Later the cutters create innovative shapes and cuts. The commonly seen cuts are pear, oval, round, cabochon etc. For this stone, it is even possible to give the cut as desired by the customer that is it can be custom made too.

    Carat Weight

    Large and massive crystals are found, which are cut and polished to make gemstone. Stone sizes in different carat weight are easily available. Different jewelry pieces require stones with different carat weight. For example, pendants can hold stone of any carat weight. When compared to the availability of other semi precious gemstones, Hematite is easily available therefore higher carat weight can be selected. Moreover, large stones with good luster enhance the look of the jewelry and make the wearer more attractive. For earrings and rings the ideal weight is between 2-6 ctw.

    Price

    For this stone the price is largely dependent on the carat weight, cut and luster. Higher the carat weight more shall be the price. Common cuts would be priced moderately but any new or custom made cut would be priced a little more. Last but not the least luster. Metallic luster would cost more than the earthy or dull luster. When used as ornamental stone for carvings, then carving done a single solid piece of natural stone would cost more than those done using different pieces.

    Occurrence

    It is found in those deposits where sediments are deposited from rivers and streams. Many types of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are the source of this mineral. It can be any form like column shaped crystal, granular or thin plates. It can also come into existence when other minerals like magnetite, limonite and siderite looses water due to heat. This process is known as weathering.

    Varieties

    Hematite is procured in varied forms. To know this gemstone well, one has to be aware of its varieties too. All forms are used as gemstone and ornamental stone. These are classified on the basis of its occurrence.

    Hematite Rose

    It is found in a circular arrangement of bladed crystals that resembles rose. Thus, it is named Hematite Rose. It is also referred as Iron rose.

    Tiger Iron

    It is formed once in many years in the sedimentary deposits that contains alternating layers of silver gray hematite and red jasper or even tiger eye quartz.

    Kidney Ore

    This variety is very rare and one of the most sought by the gemstone collectors. It occurs in the massive botryoidal, reniform and mammilary form that appears like lumpy kidney mass.

    Oolitic Hematite

    This variety is reddish brown in colour. It is formed in sedimentary deposits and is composed of small rounded grains. It consists of an earthy luster. It is used for making paints thus also know as Paint Ore.

    Specular Hematite

    Specularite is the additional name for this variety. It is a flaky stone that can be sparkling silver gray, red or silvery black in colour. When rotated it produce a glistening effect. It is used as an ornamental stone. Also used as intaglios in men’s signet rings. The best quality is obtained from United Kingdom.

    Rainbow Hematite

    It is iridescent variety displaying a play of colours. The superior quality is found at Rio Marina and on the island of Elba, Italy.

    Red Ochre

    It is found in soft, fine grained earthy form. Due to its red colour it is used as pigment in paints and crayons. Its purified form is used for polishing the plate glass.

    Titano-hematite

    This variety is rich in titanium impurity thus named accordingly.

    Source

    It is obtained in huge quantity from Untied Kingdom and the Lake Superior & Appalachian Mountain region in United States. Few states of United States also produce this mineral viz. Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Alabama, New Jersey, Missouri, Colorado and Wyoming. Massive crystals are found on the island of Elba in Italy and in Minas Gerais, Matto Grosso and Antonio Pereira in Brazil. Other countries are Canada, Newfoundland Germany, Norway, Sweden, Spain, New Zealand, Mexico and Australia.

    Use

    It is often fashioned into carvings, cameos, intaglios and beads. Large stones are used as ornamental stones for carving magnificent figures and sculptors. Beads are made and hardened from the paste of this mineral. It can be oval, round, baroque, chip form or any other shape. The size could vary between 2mm to 10mm. These are widely used in costume jewelry. Bracelets and necklaces of beads are also popular among the females in different countries.

    Well formed crystals of this mineral are cut and polished which are used for making captivating jewelry pieces and ornaments. Handcrafted earrings, pendants and rings made from this gemstone are quite popular among the younger generation. It is more used for jewelry worn for casual wear. It is mostly made of sterling silver. Yellow gold is not at all suitable for this metallic lustrous gemstone. White gold can be used but it is more expensive than the worth of the stone thus, is not preferred.

    Apart from the jewelry making, it is used in many different ways. It plays an indirectly a vital role in our day-to-day life as it is used as an important ore of iron. Iron is procured from Hematite and steel is procured from iron. Its powder form consist of dark red colour, thus it acts as pigment for the making paints. Also the powdered form is mixed in animal fat and used as red or brown paint for artwork and pottery. It is highly magnetized due to the presence of iron in it thus, is used as form making various digital equipments.

    Precautions

    It is rated between 5.5 – 6.5 Mohs on the hardness scale. It is a tough and durable stone. It does not require any specific care. Only general gemstone precautions should be taken for the lifetime retention of the stone. It hardness can be used to identify the originality of the stone. Due to high hardness it can easily scratch the glass but in turn any quartz scratches it.

    Beliefs

    It is said to enhance the mental activities by creating a balance of the energies and emotions between body, mind and soul. It also helps in achieving the dreams, hopes, desires and wishes. It even aids incurring diseases like blood disorders, nervous disorders, insomnia, kidney disorders, leg cramps and fractures. These days astrologers recommend this gemstone for the IT professionals as it helps in developing original thinking, logical processing of brain and technical knowledge.

    Hematite offers us with materialistic comforts, as it is indirectly responsible for the procurement of steel. Similarly it also provides mental comfort, as it eliminates negativity from our entire system and provides peace of mind. Thus, it can be said that this metallic lustrous beauty is key to happy life in all the aspects.

    Lapis Lazuli Facts

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    Lapis Lazuli Facts

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    Lapis Lazuli Facts

     

    Chemical CompositionIt is a rock composed of  Lazurite (Na,CA)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2 , Hauynite (Na,CA)4-8(AlSiO4)6(SO4)1-2 , Sodalite Na8(AlSiO4)6Cl2 , Noselite Na8(AlSiO4)6SO4 , Calcite CaCO3 and Pyrite FeS2.
    ColoursIntense deep blue with pyrite inclusions. Sometimes white coloured calcite lines also present. Other possible colour shades – purplish blue, greenish blue.
    HardnessVaries between 5-6 ( Mohs) .
    Refractive IndexApproximately 1.50
    Specific GravityIt varies between 2.7 to 2.9 and increases with the increase of pyrite content.
    LusterGreasy.
    Solid StateOpaque
    Crystal SystemNone as it is a rock.
    PleochroismNone
    PhenomenaNone
    FracturesUneven
    EnhancementFrequently enhanced to improve the colour and durability by dying and impregnated.
    SourceAfghanistan, Chile, Siberia, United States, Burma, Canada, Russia, Italy, Mongolia and Pakistan.
    PrecautionsProtect from sunlight, large temperature changes, cosmetics, harsh household cleaning products.

    Lapis Lazuli buying guide

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    Lapis Lazuli buying guide

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    In case you are planning to buy this opaque beauty then do go through this article thoroughly as it provides buying tips and facts about the gemstone. Most of us are aware that the quality gemstone whether precious or semi precious is judged on the basis on four important Cs viz. colour, cut, clarity and carat weight. And of course other characteristics are crucial too like origin, enhancements, precautions etc. So one after the other we would discuss all these characteristics with respect to this amazing gemstone.

    Lapis Lazuli is the only gemstone having two words in its name. “Lapis” is derived from the Latin word meaning stone and “Lazuli” is derived from an Arabian word “azul” meaning blue. However, few people say “Lazuli’ is derived from Persian “lazhward”, that also means blue. In every language, a well-defined name for the gemstone that is blue in color.  It is an exceptional stone found thousands of years ago, to be more precise more than 7000 thousands years. It is December birthstone and anniversary gemstone for the 7th and 9th year of marriage.

    In case you are planning to buy this opaque beauty then do go through this article thoroughly as it provides buying tips and facts about the gemstone. Most of us are aware that the quality gemstone whether precious or semi precious is judged on the basis on four important Cs viz. color, cut, clarity and carat weight. And of course other characteristics are crucial too like origin, enhancements, precautions etc. So one after the other we would discuss all these characteristics with respect to this amazing gemstone. First lets start with color.

    Color

    Lapis Lazuli consist of deep blue color with golden shining pyrite inclusions. The pyrite inclusions should be too small. A genuine and valuable stone would not have any white calcite veins or streaks present on its surface. Blue color is formed due to the presence of the sulfuric contents of Lasurite while pyrite inclusions are the result of iron content in the composition. Sometimes, few countries produce purplish-blue, greenish blue colors as well. The reason for these different color shades is that every country would have different composition of the minerals present in the mixture of the rock yielding the gemstone although the elements are all same.

    Cut

    This gemstone when cut produces foul smell. The smell determines the originality of the gem. It is cut in all the possible shapes like other gemstones for example oval, heart, round, pear etc. Cabochons are mostly in high demand. Polished flat slabs and beads are also popular.

    Clarity

    Next important characteristic is clarity. This gemstone has no fractures in it and is opaque in nature. True stones do not possess any cracks and have greasy luster

    Carat Weight

    It occurs in large sizes as rough. After the essential gemstone processing the carat weight decreases. High quality gemstone more than 15 carat weight is quite rare and fetches very high price. Carat weight between 6-15 with similar quality is equally rare, difficult to find and would be very expensive. However, most commonly available carat weight is 5-6 that can be afforded by the common man.

    Price

    This gemstone is widely available at different prices, from expensive to affordable range. Most expensive stone would be from Afghan mines consisting of intense evenly spread blue color with very little pyrite inclusions and no calcite white colored lines. Pyrite inclusions present in large sizes or patches lower the value of the gem. In the same way white colored calcite lines if visible to the naked eye produces unattractive discoloration on the edges of the gem and decreases the cost and the gemstone would fall in the affordable range.

    Similarly, any sort of cracks or fractures present in the gemstone would decrease the price. More the amount of fractures appearing on the surface lesser shall be the price. Shades like purplish blue and greenish blue are valued less in terms of money. While making the purchase of the gemstone or its jewelry, buyer should always ask about the enhancement of the gems. Gems are enhanced when it is of inferior quality hence, it would decrease the price.

    Source

    First mine to produce this blue colored beauty is in Afghanistan. The mine had huge deposits and offered superior quality gemstone for many years. It still continues to give the high quality gems. A little less superior quality gemstones are procured from the mines at Chile, Siberia, United States, Burma and Canada. Other countries like Russia, Italy, Mongolia and Pakistan also produce this gemstone but in less quantity.

    Enhancement

    Inferior quality of Lapis Lazuli produced by few countries are enhanced with the use of modern technology. It is mostly dyed or stained in order to improve the intensity and the uniformity of color. In this process the white colored calcite lines are stained and given blue color. However, the new intense color obtained is not stable for a longer duration and might fade with the passage of time. Other enhancement methods used are waxing and resin impregnations. These are performed to enhance durability and color of the stone.

    Imitations

    Buyers need to careful from buying the imitations at the price of genuine stone. Glass and plastics in different forms colored in blue are sold as original stones. Synthetic stones are also available in the market. Buying these synthetic stones is no harm but buyer should be aware of the fact that these are very cheap. Semi precious gemstone known as jasper is often dyed blue in color and pasted with copper and sold as Lapis. These imitations can be judged easily, as it does not contain any flecks of pyrites. And if it is present then it would be patches making the gemstone very unattractive. In order to avoid all the future surprises with respect to the quality of the gemstone, purchases should be made from the reputable and recognized sellers/dealers.

    Precautions

    It requires precautions and care as it rates between 5-6 Mohs on the hardness scale. Too much exposure to direct sunlight and large temperature changes must be avoided. Also it must be protected from chemicals and acid substances present in cosmetics and household cleaning agents else it would spoil the gemstone. As this gem is a rock that is porous in nature, all the jewelry items should be cleaned with mild soapy water and must be fully wiped off fully with a soft cloth. Little amount of moisture left behind, might harm the durability of the gem mounted in the ornaments.

    Uses

    It is treasured for years for the jewelry items. Necklace, rings and carved pendent made of this unique blue beauty had gained a lot of popularity among the gemstone lovers. The jewelry items can be made up 14 K or 18 K yellow gold and sterling silver. It is also paired with other gemstones.

    Apart from the jewelry, in olden days it was also used for making oil paintings. First it was pulverized later added to a mixture of binding agents and oil to create exotic blue colored pigment called as ultramarine.  Therefore, old paintings using this gem as pigment never fade and look vibrant after so many years too. Today also few painters use it in their paintings. At present along with jewelry it is used for renovations and restorations especially when the historic appearance is desired. It is also used as lapidary material for making hand crafted carvings and decorative items.

    Beliefs

    In ancient times, it was believed to impart knowledge and wisdom. It was said to cure physical disorders pertaining to heart, lungs, throat, eyes and ears. It also solved the problems of insomnia, depression, recurring fevers and anxiety. It was thought to keep soul free from all sort of fear and jealous there by bringing peace and self-acceptance.

    Today, across the globe people wear this stone as the symbol of truth and friendship. It is believed that the wearer of this gemstone in any form attains harmony in his/her relationships. Lapis Lazuli has two words in its name and so two important significance. One it makes the wearer beautiful and second it offers true relationships. It is certainly an exquisite gemstone that makes the wearer attractive from outside as well as from inside!!!

    Citrine a healer gemstone buying guide

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    Citrine a healer gemstone buying guide

    by Ashwani Arora

    Citrine is one of the most popular gemstones in category of affordable gems for even poor. It is available in lemon yellow, deep yellow, light yellow, brownish yellow and whisky color.The Priets, therapists say that if we wear appropriate gem at right time and according to right way then gem will definitely help us in daily activities and remove difficulties.

    Citrine – a Healer Gemstone

    CitrineGems and Gemstones have great value as per Indian Mythology and Ayurveda. Ayurveda is a Therapy book for Life. Most of the communities in Rural India, Urban India go to Ayurveda Doctors for treatment and they use the gemstone powders finely meshed with other natural herbal ingredients for treatment of chronic diseases like Cardiac problems, Breathing troubles, Arthritis etc. They use each gemstone powder for different problems. There is another segment, Gemologists, Therapists those who suggest various gemstones for treatment of disease or for well being of seekers. Even Accu Pressure experts, who practice this technique as a therapy, refer to the utility and benefits of wearing specific color, quality gemstones. Rings used in hands fingers, feet fingers suggest therapeutic acupressure for the nerves, which bring relief and fortify efficiency of certain organs. During a talk at a Radio Station, which was sponsored by a University, One of the speakers from the background of acupressure techniques did highlight importance of jewels, rings, necklaces, and pendants suggesting therapeutic value of acupressure happening by use of these jewels. Another speaker having knowledge of gemstones did explain planetary effect of stones for different birth sign people. The Citrine is said to be ruled by Jupiter, and is yellow color family. Therapists use this for obtaining blessings of Jupiter.

    An all purpose and affordable

    Citrine is one of the most popular gemstones in category of affordable gems for even poor. It is available in lemon yellow, deep yellow, light yellow, brownish yellow and whisky color.The Priets, therapists say that if we wear appropriate gem at right time and according to right way then gem will definitely help us in daily activities and remove difficulties People use this as an all-purpose gemstone, which helps in healing, heart, kidney, and digestion tracks muscles. It clears the cloud of disturbing aura and its use in all forms is considered auspicious. Somewhere Pundits (called Priests at The Hindu Temples-places of worship) recommend this stone in golden rings .For poor they suggest necklace of beads, when they cannot afford gold for ring. For mental peace or for hot tempered and with high blood pressure-these lemon colored gemstones are considered to be bringing calming effect. Somewhere Priests use the stone for pasting sandal paste on forehead. They even suggest for earrings containing these beads touching skin. Round shaped is the most recommended by these priests, since it denotes shape of Sun and Moon.

    Citrine a gemstone of fashion but make a skillful buy

    However in fashion world other shapes as per individual’s choice are available and offered. Citrine is available in natural as well as synthetic. Few deal genuine natural and evaluation is difficult by any layman. So the need is to buy from an authentic source. While buying, some vital points need to be kept in view, like the gemstone should be clear, transparent. There should not be any crack, spots or blemishes on the stone. White, black or red spots in the stone, or web kind marks are considered to be defective and should be avoided. Some therapists have ascribed value judgments to such gemstones, saying that, these cause disturbances, create enemies, restlessness etc. Most of the gemologists and therapists say that blemished gemstones are the reason for additional troubles. A stone with cracks is considered simply unauspicious. Lustre and transparency should be kept in view consciously while buying Citrine or for that matter any gemstone. Citrine keeps evil forces, enemies away and maintains harmony in the family. There is a fear that Milky stone invites injuries to the body. Red spots in the gemstone are not considered in harmony with building of wealth. Similarly in villages, priests are very particular about white and black dots, if seen in the gemstone, they fear loss of cattle wealth.

    Lucky for all

    CitrineCitrine is considered to be lucky for all though lucky most for ones who are governed by Jupiter. It is believed that those who are in the field of knowledge sharing, should use light yellow citrine, in employment with governments, defence organisations, armies, soldiers should use lemon yellow, the ones in trading-should use dark yellow citrine. Those in professions of services say hospitality and kinds of services should use dark yellow. When you buy, after deciding the color, you have to decide the weight of Citrine and with which metal you will like to wear the gem. It is the most recommended with gold, although people are also recommending silver, brass, and and even without metallic frame around. The same way, identification of natural and synthesized is possible only where proper equipment for testing is available. And it is rarely, and only confined to urban dealers, that too in Metro cities These beads, variety of sizes and shapes are available from hand made and machine make. The machine made though are fine, are less in variety. The handmade demand is on the increase. The fine cutting maintaining beauty of the stone, angle, edges, lightening efffect, brilliance makes the gemstone valuable. The price varies due to color, artificial color, natural color, natural stone and synthetic stone. The impact remains to be an area of study and research. Some therapists use Citrine for general good health for the wearer, longlife, happy life, wisdom, wealth, name, fame and honors. Citrine is used right from childhood, put in the thread necklace, or armlace, or used in the forehead for the baby girls, protecting children from evil spirits. It is believed that for any obstruction, like lack of concentration in studies, or work, maintaining smooth relationships, finding a suitable match for marriage, wonderful reports by wearing a yellow Citrine are experienced. Naturally Citrine being symbol of light heartedness, feeling of pleasure, cleaning of inner and outer temperament, is in tremendous demand. May it be synthetic or natural, the impact remains. And that is the reason, is suggested by all and everybody.

    Respect the Gem as you do to you

    Practically all Gemologists advise that Gemstones should be treated respectfully, right from when you buy them and till you possess the ones. Ensure that there are no marks, haze, and bubbles. break or cuts- since these can bring bad effects. So when you buy them, before wearing them a clear water wash or any sacred water is essential, use of water with milk and honey is also suggested. Before wearing they suggest bow your head to the Lord, God and seeking His blessings, you chant a thoughtful, positive wish and see a benevolent God in the gemstone. Seeking full effect of the planets governing the gem and the correspondent planet of the personality Maintain Citrine and the jewel clean as you do to you, and see the magnificent feelings and experience the difference.

    Citrine Facts

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    Citrine Facts

    by Sheweta Dhanuka

    It restrains almost same powers and benefits as that of pricey Topaz therefore it is used as the substitute of Topaz who find it difficult to afford. This gemstone might be an affordable stone but its occurrence is quite rare.

    Citrine Facts and Buying Guide

    Citrine is named after the French name for ‘Lemon’ that is “citron”. It is named so as the colour of this semi precious gemstone is similar to the colour of the lemon. It is the November birthstone and anniversary stone for 13th year of marriage. It is the member of the quartz family.
    It restrains almost same powers and benefits as that of pricey Topaz therefore it is used as the substitute of Topaz who find it difficult to afford. This gemstone might be an affordable stone but its occurrence is quite rare. This is the reason why natural stones available in the market would be less than the synthetic stones created by man. Thus, before making the purchase of this fine-looking gemstone buyer must be aware of various features and properties of the stone. These facts can also act as buying guide and aid in the purchase of right stone at the right price. In order to stay away from all future distress, this content proffers all-purpose information exclusively for the buyers starting from the four important Cs to occurrence, source, use, precautions and beliefs.
    Colour – This rare gemstone occurs in all shades of yellow and orange. The natural stone would mostly consist of the pale colour. Dark shades are preferred more over the lighter ones. It owes its colour to iron impurities present in the composition. With the change in the amount of iron the colour of stone also changes. In few stones traces of brown can also be seen.

    Clarity – This sizzling gemstone is transparent to translucent in nature having vitreous luster. Inclusions and flaws crop up quite less. Few stones consist of almost negligible fractures and are clear stones. Besides, the inclusions if present any are removed during the cutting of rough.

    Cut – It could be attuned easily into varied cuts and shapes being sturdy and tough stone. Cutters enjoy cutting this stone, as it does not require much energy with respect to time and dexterity. Few common cuts are pear, oval, round, square, emerald and many more. Nevertheless, people have a preference towards round and oval shapes the most because the magnificence of the gem doubles in these specific cuts.

    Carat weight – It is found in large pieces as rough. The stones with high carat weight looks amazing as the colour becomes dark and bright. The ideal weight for jewelry items is between 2-5 ctw. For the multi-coloured jewelry pieces the stones used are small in size, may be less than one carat in weight but weight of all stones together can be beyond three carats as well. For the single stone jewelry the carat weight should be more 3 ctw then the look of the ornaments comes out to be absolutely fantastic.

    Price – This is a rare gemstone yet it is very much attainable for the person having reasonable budget. Price is fixed up on the basis of four Cs i.e. colour, cut, clarity and carat weight. Price increases with the increase in depth of the colour, new cuts, minimum or insignificant inclusions and high carat weight. Pure yellow or orange colour without the traces of any other colour is valued more while the presence of other colour decreases the cost.

    Occurrence – It is the variety of mineral quartz found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. It occurs at the time of volcanic eruption in the siliceous volcanic lava that flows deep inside the cavities and veins of the rocks. During the oxidization state when heat temperature is too high this yellow to orange colored gemstone comes into existence.

    Citrine Video

     

    Source – Brazil is the prime supplier of this lovely gemstone. Other countries producing it are France, Madagascar, Bolivia, Uruguay, Scotland, Spain and Russia. It is also procured from few states of United States of America viz. North Carolina, Colorado, Georgia, Nevada and California.
    Enhancement – This transparent gemstone is often enhanced to improve the colour. Stones that attain colours through man-made treatments have a propensity for deeper shade of orange than those occurred naturally, that are habitually a pale yellow.

    Imitations – As genuine gems are rare in nature, gemstone markets are flooded with imitations of this stone. Poor quality amethyst and smoky quartz are time and again treated under the high temperatures to create bright orange yellow citrine. To distinguish between the natural stones and imitations, the buyers should look for the pale colours. As the original stones are pale while the faulty stones are bright. The imitation created from heating semi-precious gemstone amethyst would contain red traces in it unlike the true stone. Buyers need to be careful from these trendy names like Gold Topaz, Madeira Topaz, Brazilian Topaz, Spanish topaz, Saxon Topaz and Citrine Topaz. The cunning dealers create these fancy names to befool the innocent people.

    Uses – It is frequently used for jewelry making. Rings, earrings, necklace, pendent and other items holding this captivating gemstone gained recognition slowly and gradually in different parts of the world. Handcrafted jewelry using this stone is also admired among the women from all age groups. Metals used for making these ornaments are 14K or 18K yellow gold, 14K or 18K white gold, platinum and sterling silver. The exquisiteness of this gemstone is further improved when set in yellow gold. To fashion magnificent multihued costume jewelry, it is over and over again paired with other semi precious gemstones for instance Peridot, amethyst, pink tourmaline and garnet. These jewelries are apposite for casual as well as formal wear.

    As for ornamental purpose it is used for making cabochons, beads and carvings. Beads vary between 2mm to 10mm in size. Bracelets, necklace and matching earrings are relatively more accepted amongst the younger generation who look for funky dress up rather than sophisticated attire. Spaced out from the jewelry items beads are also used for remarkable decorative purpose such as in chandeliers, lampshades etc. Furthermore it makes breathtaking carvings that offers startling look to the interiors of the home, office, restaurants so on so forth.

    Precautions – It is rated 7 Mohs on the hardness scale. This implies it to be tough and strong stone that do not require much precautions hitherto it cannot be taken for granted. In spite of having good hardness rate it is prone to breaks and cracks. It should be cosseted from sharp blows and hits as it easily gets scratched. The stone has to be kept away from the sunlight or excessive heat temperature else the colour gets faded for the lifetime. Ultrasonic home cleaner can be used for cleaning but for the longer life of the stone and its jewelry it is better to avoid it. Warm soapy water and soft bristle brush is perfect for cleaning. It should be totally wiped off with a soft cloth after the wash and must be stored in the jewelry box lined with soft fabric. These precautions help out in keeping the gemstone secured for the life span.

    Beliefs – It symbolizes optimism, vigor and loyalty. In olden days, our ancestors regarded this transparent yellow beauty as the protector from snake poison, noxious reptiles and plague. It was also used to drive away evil thoughts. Following the birth of Christ, Romans used it for intaglio and cabochon.

    It is associated with wealth and prosperity therefore referred as ‘ Merchant Stone’. Many shopkeepers keep this gem in their business lockers or near the cash registers to realize maximum pecuniary powers of the gem. Apart from wealth it also takes care of health. It helps in eliminating the negative energy and improves the self-esteem and confidence of the person possessing this gem. Astrologers suggest this gemstone for those in creative field like journalism, media and entertainers etc. as it improves the creativity of the wearer. And also for those who are entrepreneurs or planning to be one as it bumps up the wealth and material growth.
    Medically, it powers to rinse out the venom and revive body tissues. It helps in proper functioning of the digestive, circulatory and urinary system.

    It gives a hand in abolishing the soreness or syndromes like acid indigestion, poor blood circulation, food disorders and allergies. Life threatening diseases like appendicitis and gangrene are believed to be cured by regular wearing of this attractive gemstone. It assists in having undisturbed sleep by overcoming the problems related to sleep such as insomnia, sleep disorders, bad dreams and nightmares etc.

    This fascinating gemstone makes the wearer look beautiful and flourish material wealth, opulence and career success. It is also known as ‘Happy Stone’ as makes the life beset with bliss and liveliness. Citrine is a unique gem for everyone in every condition and for every solution. Wear it and cheer up!!!

    Citrine Properties

    Chemical CompositionIt is silicon dioxide and the chemical formula is SiO2.
    ColoursVarious shades of yellow and orange.
    Solid StateTransparent to translucent.
    Hardness7 Mohs.
    LusterVitreous.
    Refractive Index1.544-1.553
    Specific Gravity2.6 – 2.7.
    TenacityBrittle.
    Crystal SystemTrigonal crystal system.
    FracturesConchoidal.
    CleavageIndiscernible.
    Birefringence 0.009
    EnhancementOften enhanced to improve the colour.
    SourceBrazil, USA, Russia, Uruguay, Scotland, Bolivia, France, Spain and Madagascar.
    PrecautionsGeneral gemstone precautions. Has to be protected from sunlight.