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Technique of Recrystallization in Crystallography
By:Ritika.
Recrystallization is the technique of purifying solids based on their different solubility. That is, recrystallization deals with the cleaning method or the transformation of a crystal structure, as a result of the change in external factors, for example temperature and pressure....
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Healing with gemstones
By:Mark.
Examples of illnesses that allegedly can be healed.
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Techniques for Growing Crystals
By:Ritika.
A consistent repeated pattern of connected atoms or molecules would result in formation of a crystal. There are several techniques used for growing crystals. ...
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Crystallography Topology
By:Ritika.
Crystallography refers to the analysis of atoms in crystals and topology refers to the study of distortion and invariant connectivity characteristics of mathematical objects. Thus, crystallographic topology deals with association of the two attributes together. The topology of crystallographic groups is approached using orbifolds, and that of simple crystal structures using Morse functions on orbifolds. ...
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Crystallographic Axes and its Symmetry Operations
By:Ritika.
Symmetry operations are used to describe the crystal's outward symmetry. Symmetry operations help to define the manner in which a crystal can repeat the facets or faces on their crystal's surface. ...
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Bravais Crystal Lattice
By:Ritika.
Bravais crystal lattice in crystallography is used to explain the geometrical symmetry of a crystal in details. The other term used to refer to bravais crystal lattice is space lattice. ...
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Attributes of Crystals
By:Ritika.
The physical attributes of crystals need to be studied in detail for the categorization of crystals. This is a highly specialized field of crystallography. ...
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Quasicrystals
By:Ritika.
Quasi crystals stand as a special case of in-commensurate crystal phase. Quasi crystals are present in a space group having more than three dimensions. For instance, structures like dihedral and icosahedral structures are categories belonging to this type. Even the two-dimensional Penrose patterns could be matched with symmetry structure of quasi crystals. ...
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Crystal Groups Forms and Classes
By:Ritika.
The crystal groups are broadly classified into thirty two classes of symmetry. These broad classifications of crystal classes are got based on the exterior form of crystal. These broad classifications of thirty two crystal classes further have 230 sub space groups. These vary among themselves and are classified based on the analysis and observation of x-rays. It is also an interesting fact that even crystals made from the same mineral possess different crystal forms. This is attributed to each mineral's crystal conditions of growth....
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Crystallography and Mineral Crystal Systems
By:Ritika.
The six crystal systems could be well understood by getting a fair knowledge about the topic of solid geometry. For this one must have a base knowledge about crystallographic axes. In broad classification, there are six crystal systems in general. The crystallographic axes play a vital role to segregate and place all well known minerals into these six crystal systems....
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Crystallographic Symmetry
By:Ritika.
The Crystallographic Symmetry and the applications related to it are vital for people related to various fields namely mathematicians, physicists, and chemists and so on and many researches and investigation related to these have been carried by them. The operations related to crystallographic symmetry could fall in any of the different kinds of available isometries. So first it is essential to have a fair knowledge about isometries and its kinds which will be dealt in the below section. Generally an object is referred as symmetric with respect to a transformation only if the object appears to be in a state that is identical to its initial state after the transformation. In terms of crystallography the types of symmetry is in terms of an apparent movement of the object such as some type of rotation or translation. ...
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Crystal Lattice Structures
By:Ritika.
The various gemstones take their shape and structure based on their unique crystalline structure that each gemstone possesses. These crystalline structures of each gemstone is based and made from a mixture of different elemental compounds. Thus the atomic structure associated with elemental building blocks contributes towards the shape of a crystal or gemstone. ...
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Physical Properties of Crystals
By:Ritika.
The physical properties of crystals like hardness, cleavage, optical properties, heat and electrical conductivity differ from crystal to crystal. Crystallographers deem it necessary to learn more about these properties so that they can determine what the crystals can be used for. ...
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What is Crystallography
By:Ritika.
Crystals are known for their beautiful external appearance. However, it is their internal structure, which is too small to be seen by the naked eye, that makes them interesting to scientists. The study of the growth, shape, and geometric character of these beautiful forms of minerals is called crystallography. ...
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Basic Crystallography
By:Ritika.
Basic crystallography is about the fundamental principles of geometrical crystallography which are brought in through the medium of symmetry operations, lattices, and the creation of point and space groups. ...
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World Famous Gemstones
By:Mark.
Stunning gallery of few world famous gemstones pictures, Just flip through the images to see the next one....
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Fake Gemstone names
By:Mark.
List of Fake and false gemstone names and its Preferred Gemological Names.
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Differentiating Diamond and its Imitation
By:Erum Qureshi.
There are various decisive tests to assess the authenticity of a diamond. The Ceres Diamond probe, Rayner Diamond Tester, Diamond Pen are a few popular instruments. ...
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Diamond Marketing by De Beers
By:Erum Qureshi.
That ‘a diamond is forever’ is the probably the world’s greatest, most expensive and widely circulated PR scam! The on-going, century-long campaign by diamond giant De Beers owned by the Oppenheimer family began in 1938; De Beers needed a slogan for diamonds that expressed both the theme of romance and everlasting love.
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Amber Mines
By:Mark.
Interactive Amber Mines Map
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Gemstone Mining Methods
By:Sheweta Dhanuka.
Gemstones are treasured by most of us and to retrieve these precious gems from deep down the earth crust one has to go in for treasure hunt. Gemstone Mining is very complex and tedious process that requires huge input of valuable resources such as time, workforce, equipments and knowledge etc. There are different methods for recovering the gemstone from the lap of Mother Nature. The appropriate procedure is selected depending upon the circumstances but no matter what method is selected the entire process of gemstone mining needs to be very systematic as it costs a lot of money. The total process of gemstone mining is so intricate that inspite of putting in so much efforts there is no surety of the results. Failures and disappointments always have higher percentage than the success. ...
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Important Ruby Mines
By:Ritika Changrani.
For thousands of years the Ruby has been considered the one of the most precious of the twelve stones created by God. Ruby mines are found in USA, Sri Lanka, Burma, Vietnam, Thailand etc....
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Jewellers Loupe
By:Ritika Changrani.
A jeweller's loupe is a tool that helps identify the internal flaws, cracks and blemishes on the surface and any other cover ups on the gemstone....
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Aquamarine Identification
By:Erum Qureshi.
Aquamarines, belonging to the Beryl family, are relatively easy to identify. Various simple tests can reveal the authenticity of an aquamarine stone. ...
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Spinel Identification
By:Erum Qureshi.
A gemstone purported to be a spinel undergoes stringent tests in the lab for authenticity and grades (i.e. quality). It has distinctive characteristics and traits that a gemologist can easily identify. ...
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Spectroscope
By:Ritika Changrani.
A Spectroscope helps to identify cut stones, rough stones, mounted stones and unmounted stones to see whether they are real or fakes. ...
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Refractometer
By:Ritika Changrani.
A Refractometer is a gemmological tool used to find the ability of gemstone to bend or refract light. This measure is the refractive index of a gemstone. ...
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Polariscope
By:Ritika Changrani.
Polariscope is an instrument used in gemmology which helps to find if the gemstone is single refractive or double refractive and also allows determining the various crystal axis of the stone. ...
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Dichroscope
By:Ritika Changrani.
Dichroscope is a tool used to differentiate similar looking gemstones based on the dichroic property of the gemstones. ...
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Chelsea Filter
By:Ritika Changrani.
Also known as Emerald filter, Chelsea filter is used to identify natural, synthetic and imitated gemstones. Developed by the British Gemmologists Anderson and Payne, this filter was initially developed only for the separation of natural emerald from green beryl. Now it is being used to identify various gemstones. ...
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Lab identification of Sapphire
By:Erum Qureshi.
Sapphire, derived from the Greek word sapphirus, literally means blue. Many people will find it difficult to believe that ruby, with its intense red color and the royal blue sapphire are the same mineral corundum composed of oxygen and the light metal aluminium. ...
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Ruby Identification
By:Erum Qureshi.
Step by step laboratory identification procedure for Rubies. "There are numerous tests conducted to identify true rubies. Various characteristics and traits are judged by a gemologist to authenticate and grade a ruby" ...
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Emerald Identification
By:Erum Qureshi.
Step by step lab procedure to identify the green stone emerald in scientific manner. Learn from an expert, how the Refractive Index, Double Refraction, Absorption Spectra is used to determine the stone type. ...
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Gemstone Hardness Chart
By:Mark.
Gemstone Hardness Chart in Mohs scale
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Gemstone Cutting
By:Sheweta Dhanuka.
Gem cutting is a long process that takes many months to convert simple rough into fascinating gemstone. It involves many steps. In order to acquaint the reader with the overall process of gem cutting, all the steps are explained one after the other. The steps elucidated are not in any fixed sequence. ...
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Opalescence effects in Opal
By:Nasrina Parvin Khan.
The milky, turbid aspects of opal described as opalescence. This phenomenon has been seen in common opal or potch opal. These types of opal do not show a play of color. ...
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Gemstone Testing tools
By:Ms Nandita Ray.
It is tricky to test a gemstone. Some stones are soft, some are mounted while some can be coated, treated or easily scratched. One has to be very careful so as not to damage the stone in any way. With technology advancing rapidly, the tools used for testing are made to suit ones needs and pockets. Aiding the tools is a wide range of database, which lists the particular characteristics of gems. ...
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Color Change phenomenon in Gems
By:NASRINA PARVIN KHAN.
Gems change their color according to the nature of the light they are seen. Alexandrite appears gr4een in daylight or fluorescent light (blue in rich) and in incandescent light (orange to red rich light) it appears as red. ...
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Labradorescence
By:Nasrina Parvin Khan.
Labradorescence is an exclusive optical phenomenon that has solely shown by the feldspar gem Labradorite in this earth. ...
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Play of Color
By:Nasrina Parvin Khan.
A well-known Play-of-color gemstone is opal. Opal is an amorphous from of silica (sio2, nh2o). It is made up of sub microscopic spheres of silica with a little amount of water and air trapped in the spaces between these round spheres. ...
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Asterism in Gems
By:Nasrina Parvin Khan.
"Asterism" is an exclusive light effect (which we called special optical phenomenon) of some crystal. When light pass through these crystals, its exhibit a star-shaped figure, which called "asterism". ...
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Special Optic Phenomena in Gems
By:Nasrina Parvin Khan.
Asterism, chatoyancy, play-of-color, opalescence, labradorscene, adularescence and color change are some special optic phenomena which have been seen in gems. ...
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Topaz - How to Identify
By:Ardamun.
Citrine is mostly, and erroneously, called topaz, though both are two distinct species. Citrine is quartz, and is much lighter than topaz, which is Hydroxyl Fluorosilicate of Aluminum. ...
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How to differentiate synthetic and natural sapphire
By:Ashutosh Roy.
A deep look shows signs of slow crystallization in case of natural sapphires. Sometimes some external elements in very small quantities are visible in original sapphire like most other gemstones. ...
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Pleochroism in gemstones
By:Yuman Hussain.
Scientific explanation of pleochronism which is an ability of the stone to absorb different wavelengths of light displaying brilliant colors when viewed from different directions. ...
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International Colored Gemstone Association - ICA
By:Ashish Dimri.
International colored Gemstone Association has its headquarters in Newyork city; U.S.A. It also has additional bureaus in Idar- Oberstein and Israel. It has over 400 members in 41 countries worldwide. ...
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How to differentiate synthetic and natural emerald
By:Ashish Dimri.
Synthetic emeralds are produced in Germany, France, and United States of America with flux growth and hydrothermal processes in laboratory. These are expensive methods and difficult to yield major results .It is mentioned that the first synthetic emerald appeared in last part of last century. ...
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How Pearls are graded
By:Bina Shaji Kurup.
A good pearl has several qualities and based on these qualities pearls are graded. There are two systems of grading pearls, which are accepted worldwide. One system is the “Tahitian” system developed by the Polynesian government. This system is used to grade Black Tahiti pearls and other Saltwater pearls like the South Sea pearls. The other is the “AAA – A” system, which is used to grade cultured Freshwater pearls. ...
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Factors affecting quality of pearls
By:Bina shaji kurup.
An important factor in deciding the quality of the Pearl is its Luster. A high luster is visible in the reflections on the surface of the pearl – a clearer reflection signifies a better luster and such pearls seem to have a warm glow. The luster of the pearl is dependant on the thickness of the nacre coating on the pearl – it is normally understood that the longer a pearl is left inside the mollusk, the thicker is the nacre layer. ...
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How gemstone hardness measured
By:Binashaji.
Diamonds measure 10 on the MOHS scale and Aquamarine measures 7 whereas Pearls can measure between 3 and 4 on the MOHS scale. MOHS is a term oft used in Gemstone Jewellery, but what exactly does MOHS mean and signify?...
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Appraising the Value of Gems
By:Mathew Abraham.
Gems are appraised mainly to determine their fair market value (FMV) or for insurance purposes. Qualified gemologists undergo specialized training to be certified as accredited appraisers of gems. If a gem has been certified by a Master Gemologist Appraiser, his/her valuation is accepted as final. ...
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